Bibliography

Spatial-Temporal Behaviors of Large-Scale Ionospheric Perturbations During Severe Geomagnetic Storms on September 7—8 2017 Using the GNSS, SWARM and TIE-GCM Techniques

Geomagnetic storms on 7–8 September 2017 triggered severe ionospheric disturbances that had a serious effect on satellite navigation and radio communication. Multiple observations

Li, Wang; Zhao, Dongsheng; He, Changyong; Hancock, Craig; Shen, Yi; Zhang, Kefei;

Published by: Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics      Published on:

YEAR: 2022     DOI: 10.1029/2021JA029830

Spatial-Temporal Behaviors of Large-Scale Ionospheric Perturbations During Severe Geomagnetic Storms on September 7–8 2017 Using the GNSS, SWARM and TIE-GCM Techniques

Geomagnetic storms on 7–8 September 2017 triggered severe ionospheric disturbances that had a serious effect on satellite navigation and radio communication. Multiple observations derived from Global Navigation Satellite System receivers, Earth s Magnetic Field and Environment Explorers (SWARM) and the Thermosphere-Ionosphere -Electrodynamics General Circulation Model s simulations are utilized to investigate the spatial-temporal ionospheric behaviors under storm conditions. The results indicate that the electron density in the Asia-Australia, Europe-Africa and America sectors suddenly changed with the Bz southward excursion, and the ionosphere over low-middle latitudes under the sunlit hemisphere is easily affected by the disturbed magnetic field. The SWARM observations verified the remarkable double-peak structure of plasma enhancements over the equator and middle latitudes. The physical mechanism of low-middle plasma disturbances can be explained by a combination effect of equatorial electrojets, vertical E × B drifts, meridional wind and thermospheric O/N2 change. Besides, the severe storms triggered strong Polar plasma disturbances on both dayside and nightside hemispheres, and the Polar disturbances had a latitudinal excursion associated with the offset of geomagnetic field. Remarkable plasma enhancements at the altitudes of 100–160 km were also observed in the auroral zone and middle latitudes (\textgreater47.5°N/S). The topside polar ionospheric plasma enhancements were dominated by the O+ ions. Furthermore, the TIE-GCM s simulations indicate that the enhanced vertical E × B drifts, cross polar cap potential and Joule heating play an important role in generating the topside plasma perturbations.

Li, Wang; Zhao, Dongsheng; He, Changyong; Hancock, Craig; Shen, Yi; Zhang, Kefei;

Published by: Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics      Published on:

YEAR: 2022     DOI: 10.1029/2021JA029830

hemispheric asymmetry; ionospheric disturbances; Magnetic storms; thermospheric composition changes; TIE-GCM

Impact of Soft Electron Precipitation on the Thermospheric Neutral Mass Density During Geomagnetic Storms: GITM Simulations

In this study, the impact of improving soft (0.1–1 keV) electron precipitation on the F-region neutral mass density has been evaluated using the Global Ionosphere Thermosphere Model (GITM). Two types of electron energy spectra having the same total energy flux and average energy but different spectral shapes have been used to specify the electron precipitation in GITM. One is the Maxwellian spectrum and the other is from an empirical model, Auroral Spectrum and High-Latitude Electric field variabilitY (ASHLEY), which provides stronger (up to 2–3 orders of magnitude) soft electron precipitations than the Maxwellian spectrum. Data-model comparisons indicate that the storm-time orbital averaged neutral density can be increased by 10\%–40\% and is more consistent with the observation if the non-Maxwellian ASHLEY spectrum is used. This study reveals the importance of accurate soft electron precipitation specifications in the whole auroral zone to improving the F-region neutral mass density estimations.

Zhu, Qingyu; Deng, Yue; Sheng, Cheng; Anderson, Philip; Bukowski, Aaron;

Published by: Geophysical Research Letters      Published on:

YEAR: 2022     DOI: 10.1029/2021GL097260

ASHLEY; GITM; neutral mass density; soft electron precipitation

On the Relationship of the O(1D) 630.0 nm Dayglow Emission to the F10.7 cm Solar Flux and the Solar Zenith Angle

The Wind Imaging Interferometer (WINDII) Empirical Model, which provides the characteristics of the O(1D) 630.0 nm atomic oxygen dayglow emission from the upper atmosphere has been reviewed and updated. It now includes the Integrated Emission Rate, the peak Volume Emission Rate, the Altitude of that peak and the Full Width at Half Maximum as functions of the F10.7 cm Solar Radio Flux and the solar zenith angle (SZA). The model employs 98,617 WINDII observations obtained between the years 1992 and 1996, and the model and observations of the Integrated Emission Rate agree well with one another within 2 standard deviations of 588.7 Rayleigh (R) (106 photons cm−2 sec−1). It is also demonstrated that the impact of latitude, longitude and day of year, independently of their contribution to the SZA, is very small. The WINDII Empirical Model is also shown to agree with results from the TRANSCAR photochemical model. The dayglow is challenging to measure with ground-based instruments, as the solar scattered light from the daytime sky must be accurately subtracted from the data. Ground-based measurements of the integrated emission rate have been made by others, with good agreement for observations from Hyderabad during the 2015 summer and winter, but mixed agreement with measurements made over Boston in 2003. The latter results are reviewed and assessed.

Shepherd, Gordon; Cho, Young-Min;

Published by: Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics      Published on:

YEAR: 2021     DOI: 10.1029/2020JA028715

dayglow; empirical model; O(1D) Emission; solar radio flux; solar zenith angle; upper atmosphere

Progresses and Challenges to specifying the IT system during weak storms

Deng, Yue; Heelis, Roderick; Paxton, Larry; Lyons, Larry; Nishimura, Toshi; Zhang, Shunrong; Bristow, Bill; Maute, Astrid; Sheng, Cheng; Zhu, Qingyu; , others;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 2021     DOI:

MLT science enabled by atmospheric lidars

With the pioneering development and deployment of different types of narrowband sodium fluorescence lidars in Europe (1985) and North America (1990) along with subsequent potassium and iron lidars, temperature and wind profilers have been observed to investigate atmospheric dynamics in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) in midlatitude, polar and equatorial regions. Their achieved resolution allows investigation ranging from small-scale gravity waves to long-term global change. This chapter highlights MLT science enabled by resonance fluorescence lidars in the past 30 years, divided into sections on climatology and long-term change of the atmospheric (background) state; MLT responses to external forcings that lead to atmospheric tides, the global-scale impacts of sudden stratospheric warming as well as geomagnetic storms; gravity wave dynamics and their fluxes; synergistic campaigns with lidars serving as a central instrument, and lidar observation of metal layers in the thermosphere at ever-higher altitudes. Recent advances in maintenance-free resonance lidars will increase the time and duration of lidar observation as well as their ease of operation. These should lead to more coherent multiple-day continuous observations of the MLT. Continued efforts to increase lidar signal/noise and to extend measurements from the main metal layers (80–110 km) into the lower thermosphere (up to 150 km) are ongoing. Further technology developments will also enable more lidar deployment on airplanes and in space to study the MLT over the oceans and other remote areas.

She, Chiao-Yao; Liu, Alan; Yuan, Tao; Yue, Jia; Li, Tao; Ban, Chao; Friedman, Jonathan;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 2021     DOI: 10.1002/9781119815631.ch20

Geomagnetic storms; atmospheric stabilities; atmospheric state; climatology; clustered instrumentation; gravity wave dynamics; MLT science; resonance fluorescence lidars; sporadic metal layers; thermospheric metal layers

Ionospheric Response Over Brazil to the August 2018 Geomagnetic Storm as Probed by CSES-01 and Swarm Satellites and by Local Ground-Based Observations

The geomagnetic storm that occurred on 25 August 25 2018, that is, during the minimum of solar cycle 24, is currently the strongest ever probed by the first China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite (CSES-01). By integrating the in situ measurements provided by CSES-01 (orbiting at altitude of 507 km) and by Swarm A satellite (orbiting at ca., 460 km) with ground-based observations (ionosondes, magnetometers, and Global Navigation Satellite System receivers), we investigate the ionospheric response at lower- and mid-latitudes over Brazil. Specifically, we investigate the electrodynamic disturbances driven by solar wind changes, by focusing on the disturbances driving modifications of the equatorial electrojet (EEJ). Our proposed multisensor technique analysis mainly highlights the variations in the topside and bottomside ionosphere, and the interplay between prompt penetrating electric fields and disturbance dynamo electric fields resulting in EEJ variations. Thanks to this approach and leveraging on the newly available CSES-01 data, we complement and extend what recently investigated in the Western South American sector, by highlighting the significant longitudinal differences, which mainly come from the occurrence of a daytime counter-EEJ during both 25 and 26 August at Braziliian longitudes and during part of 26 August only in the Peruvian sector. In addition, the increased thermospheric circulation driven by the storm has an impact on the EEJ during the recovery phase of the storm. The observations at the CSES-01/Swarm altitudes integrated with the ground-based observation recorded signatures of equatorial ionospheric anomaly crests formation and modification during daytime coupled with the positive ionospheric storm effects at midlatitude.

Spogli, L.; Sabbagh, D.; Regi, M.; Cesaroni, C.; Perrone, L.; Alfonsi, L.; Di Mauro, D.; Lepidi, S.; Campuzano, S.; Marchetti, D.; De Santis, A.; Malagnini, A.; Scotto, C.; Cianchini, G.; Shen, Xu; Piscini, A.; Ippolito, A.;

Published by: Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics      Published on:

YEAR: 2021     DOI: 10.1029/2020JA028368

Geomagnetic storms; Equatorial Electrojet; in situ plasma density; ionospheric elctroduamics; Ionospheric storms; low-latitude ionosphere

On the Relationship of the O (1D) 630.0 nm Dayglow Emission to the F10. 7 cm Solar Flux and the Solar Zenith Angle

explanation, that the lower summer measurements were the result of atmospheric composition change, based on the change of [O/N2] observed during the Boston summer by the GUVI

Shepherd, Gordon; Cho, Young-Min;

Published by: Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics      Published on:

YEAR: 2021     DOI: 10.1029/2020JA028715

Comparison of electron density and temperature from the CSES satellite with other space-borne and ground-based observations

In this paper we provide a comprehensive comparison of in situ electron density (Ne) and temperature (Te) measured by Langmuir probe (LAP) on board the China Seismo‐

Yan, Rui; Zhima, Zeren; Xiong, Chao; Shen, Xuhui; Huang, Jianping; Guan, Yibing; Zhu, Xinghong; Liu, Chao;

Published by: Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics      Published on:

YEAR: 2020     DOI: 10.1029/2019JA027747

Occurrence characteristics of equatorial plasma bubbles and total electron content during solar cycle peak 23rd to peak 24th over Bangalore (13.02∘ N, 77.57∘ E)

We present the monthly, seasonal and annual variation in the ionospheric total electron content (TEC) and \% occurrence rate of Equatorial plasma bubble (EPBs) during the lowest to

Shetti, DJ; Gurav, OB; Seemla, Gopi;

Published by: Astrophysics and Space Science      Published on:

YEAR: 2019     DOI: 10.1007/s10509-019-3643-8

Review of the accomplishments of mid-latitude Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) HF radars

The Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) is a network of high-frequency (HF) radars located in the high- and mid-latitude regions of both hemispheres that is operated under international cooperation. The network was originally designed for monitoring the dynamics of the ionosphere and upper atmosphere in the high-latitude regions. However, over the last approximately 15 years, SuperDARN has expanded into the mid-latitude regions. With radar coverage that now extends continuously from auroral to sub-auroral and mid-latitudes, a wide variety of new scientific findings have been obtained. In this paper, the background of mid-latitude SuperDARN is presented at first. Then, the accomplishments made with mid-latitude SuperDARN radars are reviewed in five specified scientific and technical areas: convection, ionospheric irregularities, HF propagation analysis, ion-neutral interactions, and magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) waves. Finally, the present status of mid-latitude SuperDARN is updated and directions for future research are discussed.

Nishitani, Nozomu; Ruohoniemi, John; Lester, Mark; Baker, Joseph; Koustov, Alexandre; Shepherd, Simon; Chisham, Gareth; Hori, Tomoaki; Thomas, Evan; Makarevich, Roman; , others;

Published by: Progress in Earth and Planetary Science      Published on:

YEAR: 2019     DOI: 10.1186/s40645-019-0270-5

High-Latitude Observations of a Localized Wind Wall and Its Coupling to the Lower Thermosphere

Reversals in the thermospheric zonal winds at altitudes of 140 to 250\ km from eastward to westward have been found at southern geographic latitudes between 60\textdegree and 70\textdegree. These are confined to a narrow region between 100\textdegree and 200\textdegree in longitude with zonal velocities regularly of -400\ m/s, sometimes reaching -600\ m/s, so sharply defined that the authors describe it as a \textquotedblleftwind wall.\textquotedblright The observations were made by the Wind Imaging Interferometer on National Aeronautics and Space Administration\textquoterights Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite, and they occur as the field of view crosses the high polar cap wind field. The wind reversals at the wall boundaries create a convergence on the west side of the wall and a divergence on the east side that potentially generate vertical flows, consistent with observed perturbations in the O(¹S) emission rate. They are present about one half of the time in local summer and autumn.

Shepherd, Gordon; Shepherd, Marianna;

Published by: Geophysical Research Letters      Published on: 05/2018

YEAR: 2018     DOI: 10.1029/2018GL077722

High-Latitude Observations of a Localized Wind Wall and Its Coupling to the Lower Thermosphere

Reversals in the thermospheric zonal winds at altitudes of 140 to 250\ km from eastward to westward have been found at southern geographic latitudes between 60\textdegree and 70\textdegree. These are confined to a narrow region between 100\textdegree and 200\textdegree in longitude with zonal velocities regularly of -400\ m/s, sometimes reaching -600\ m/s, so sharply defined that the authors describe it as a \textquotedblleftwind wall.\textquotedblright The observations were made by the Wind Imaging Interferometer on National Aeronautics and Space Administration\textquoterights Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite, and they occur as the field of view crosses the high polar cap wind field. The wind reversals at the wall boundaries create a convergence on the west side of the wall and a divergence on the east side that potentially generate vertical flows, consistent with observed perturbations in the O(¹S) emission rate. They are present about one half of the time in local summer and autumn.

Shepherd, Gordon; Shepherd, Marianna;

Published by: Geophysical Research Letters      Published on: 05/2018

YEAR: 2018     DOI: 10.1029/2018GL077722

Longitudinal and seasonal variations of O (1D) nightglow emission maxima at southern midlatitudes

Initial observations with the global ultraviolet imager (GUVI) in the NASA TIMED satellite and mass density observed with WINDII, GUVI, GOCE and simulated by NRLMSISE-00

Shepherd, Marianna;

Published by: Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics      Published on:

YEAR: 2018     DOI: 10.1016/j.jastp.2017.11.012

Development of a new aurora model for the small-and meso-scale structures through deep-learning methods and their influence on the upper atmosphere

Deng, Y; Chen, Z; , Wang; Sheng, Cheng; , Jin; Zhang, Yongliang; Paxton, Larry; Deng, Xiaohua; Huang, Chung-Ming;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 2018     DOI:

Latitudinal features of Total Electron Content over the African and European longitude sector following the St. Patrick’s day storm of 2015

Paul, A; Kascheyev, A; Rodriguez-Bouza, M; PATHAK, K; Ferreira, AA; Shetti, D; Yao, JN;

Published by: Advances in Space Research      Published on:

YEAR: 2018     DOI:

A severe negative response of the ionosphere to the intense geomagnetic storm on March 17, 2015 observed at mid- and low-latitude stations in the China zone

In this paper, the critical frequency of F2 layer of the ionosphere (foF₂₎ and the total electron content (TEC) recorded at mid- and low-latitude observation sites near 120\textdegreeE in the China zone were used to investigate the response to a severe geomagnetic storm on March 17, 2015 (the minimum Dst -223 nT at 23 UT). The results showed that the strong geomagnetic storm caused a massive effect on the ionosphere. The characteristics of foF₂ and TEC did not show obvious perturbation during the main phase. Severe depletion of foF₂ and TEC was observed at all stations during the storm recovery period. The maximum absolute discrepancy in TEC compared with the past 27-day average value was 78 TECU, and the minimum percentage deviations reached -71\% at Fuzhou (26.1\textdegreeN,\ 119.3\textdegreeE). The minimum percentage deviations of decrease in foF₂ reached -65\% at Sanya (18.1\textdegreeN,\ 109.3\textdegreeE) and Mohe (53.5\textdegreeN,\ 122.3\textdegreeE). This was an infrequent negative effect that foF₂ and TEC sustained throughout the day with extremely low level on March 18. The O/N₂ rate showed a distinct reduction on March 18 in the China zone, which may be mainly responsible for the severe depletion of foF₂ and TEC. The spread-F seemed to be developed at first but was then suppressed to some extent during the main phase. During the recovery phase, the spread-F was suppressed at Sanya, while it developed at Wuhan and Mohe. The disturbance electric fields and thermospheric circulation may contribute to this phenomenon.

Liu, Guoqi; Shen, Hua;

Published by: Advances in Space Research      Published on: 05/2017

YEAR: 2017     DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2017.02.021

Stationary depletions in thermospheric atomic oxygen concentration and mass density observed with WINDII, GUVI, GOCE and simulated by NRLMSISE-00

A severe negative response of the ionosphere to the intense geomagnetic storm on March 17, 2015 observed at mid-and low-latitude stations in the China zone

Liu, Guoqi; Shen, Hua;

Published by: Advances in Space Research      Published on:

YEAR: 2017     DOI:

Thermospheric atomic oxygen concentrations from WINDII O+ (2P→ 2D) 732 nm emission: Comparisons with the NRLMSISE-00 and C-IAM models and with GUVI observations

Shepherd, Gordon; Cho, Young-Min; Fomichev, Victor; Martynenko, Oleg;

Published by: Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics      Published on:

YEAR: 2016     DOI:

The August 2011 URSI World Day campaign: Initial results

During a 10-day URSI World Day observational campaign beginning on August 1, 2011, an isolated, major geomagnetic storm occurred. On August 5,\ Kp\ reached values of 8^-and\ Dst\ dropped to -113\ nT. The occurrence of this isolated storm in the middle of a 10-day URSI World Day campaign provides and unprecedented opportunity to observe the coupling of solar wind energy into the magnetosphere and to evaluate the varied effects that occur in the coupled magnetosphere\textendashionosphere\textendashthermosphere system. Dramatic changes in the ionosphere are seen at every one of the active radar stations, extending from Greenland down to equatorial Peru in the American sector and at middle latitudes in Ukraine. Data from TIMED and THEMIS are shown to support initial interpretations of the observations, where we focus on processes in the middle latitude afternoon sector during main phase, and the formation of a dense equatorial ionosphere during storm recovery. The combined measurements strongly suggest that the changes in ionospheric conditions observed after the main storm phase can be attributed in large part to changes in the stormtime thermosphere. This is through the generation of disturbance dynamo winds and also global neutral composition changes that either reduce or enhance plasma densities in a manner that depends mainly upon latitude. Unlike larger storms with possibly more sustained forcing, this storm exhibits minimal effects of persistent meridional stormtime wind drag, and little penetration of solar wind electric potentials to low latitudes. It is, therefore, an outstanding example of an impulsive event that exhibits longer-term effects through modification of the background atmosphere.

Immel, Thomas; Liu, Guiping; England, Scott; Goncharenko, Larisa; Erickson, Philip; Lyashenko, Mykhaylo; Milla, Marco; Chau, Jorge; Frey, Harald; Mende, Stephen; Zhou, Qihou; Stromme, Anja; Paxton, Larry;

Published by: Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics      Published on: 11/2015

YEAR: 2015     DOI: 10.1016/j.jastp.2015.09.005

Aeronomy; Ionosphere; Radar; thermosphere

Impacts of CME-induced geomagnetic storms on the midlatitude mesosphere and lower thermosphere observed by a sodium lidar and TIMED/GUVI

In this paper, we report our findings on the correlation between the neutral temperature (around the mesopause) and thermospheric column density O/N₂\ ratio, along with their response to geomagnetic storms above midlatitude of North America. A temperature/wind Doppler Na lidar, operating at Fort Collins, CO (41\textdegreeN, 105\textdegreeW), and later at Logan, UT (42\textdegreeN and 112\textdegreeW), observed significant temperature increases (temperature anomaly) above 95 km (as much as 55 K at 105 km altitude) during four coronal mass ejection-induced geomagnetic storms (April 2002, November 2004, May 2005, and October 2012). Coincident Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics/Global Ultraviolet Spectrographic Imager observations indicate significant depletion in the thermospheric O/N₂\ ratio at the lidar locations. These observations suggest that the local mesopause warming seen by the lidar is due to transport of the high-latitude joule and particle heated neutrals at the\ E\ and\ F\ layers to the midlatitude region.

Yuan, T.; Zhang, Y.; Cai, X.; She, C.-Y.; Paxton, L.;

Published by: Geophysical Research Letters      Published on: 09/2015

YEAR: 2015     DOI: 10.1002/2015GL064860

Observations and modeling of UHF-band scintillation occurrence probability over the low-latitude region of China during the maximum activity of solar cycle 24

The climatological characteristics of UHF-band scintillations over the low-latitude region of China were investigated by analyzing the observations recorded at three stations of our

Zhang, Hongbo; Liu, Yumei; Wu, Jian; Xu, T; Sheng, D;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 2015     DOI: 10.5194/angeo-33-93-2015

Height-integrated Pedersen conductivity in both E and F regions from COSMIC observations

Altitudinal distribution of Joule heating is very important to the thermosphere and ionosphere, which is roughly proportional to the Pedersen conductance at high latitudes. Based on the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC) satellites observations from 2008 to 2011, the height-integrated Pedersen conductivities in both E (100\textendash150\ km) and F (150\textendash600\ km) regions and their ratio _γPγP (_∑PE/_∑PF∑PE/∑PF) have been calculated. The result shows that the maximum ratio in the northern summer hemisphere is ~5.5, which is smaller than that from the Thermosphere\textendashIonosphere\textendashElectrodynamics General Circulation Model (TIE-GCM v1.94) simulation (~9). This indicates that the energy inputs into the F region may be underestimated in the model. The seasonal variations of the ratio have been investigated for both hemispheres, and an interhemispheric asymmetry has been identified. The variational trend of the ratio is similar in both hemispheres, which reaches minimum at local summer and maximum at local winter. However, the difference of the ratio from local summer to local winter in the southern hemisphere is larger than that in the northern hemisphere.

Sheng, Cheng; Deng, Yue; Yue, Xinan; Huang, Yanshi;

Published by: Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics      Published on: 08/2014

YEAR: 2014     DOI: 10.1016/j.jastp.2013.12.013

COSMIC; Interhemispheric asymmetry; Joule heating; Pedersen conductivity

The Wind Imaging Interferometer (WINDII) on the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite: A 20 year perspective

The Wind Imaging Interferometer (WINDII) was launched on the NASA\textquoterights Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite on 12 September 1991 and operated until 2003. Its role in the mission was to measure vector winds in the Earth\textquoterights atmosphere from 80 to 110 km, but its measurements extended to nearly 300 km. The approach employed was to measure Doppler shifts from a suite of visible region airglow lines emitted over this altitude range. These included atomic oxygen O(¹S) and O(¹D) lines, as well as lines in the OH Meinel (8,3) and O₂ Atmospheric (0,0) bands. The instrument employed was a Doppler Michelson Interferometer that measured the Doppler shift as a phase shift of the cosinusoidal interferogram generated by single airglow lines. An extensive validation program was conducted after launch to confirm the accuracy of the measurements. The dominant wind field, the first one observed by WINDII, was that of the migrating diurnal tide at the equator. The overall most notable WINDII contribution followed from this: determining the influence of dynamics on the transport of atmospheric species. Currently, nonmigrating tides are being studied in the thermosphere at both equatorial and high latitudes. Other aspects investigated included solar and geomagnetic influences, temperatures from atmospheric-scale heights, nitric oxide concentrations, and the occurrence of polar mesospheric clouds. The results of these observations are reviewed from a perspective of 20 years. A future perspective is then projected, involving more recently developed concepts. It is intended that this description will be helpful for those planning future missions.

Shepherd, G.; Thuillier, G.; Cho, Y.-M.; Duboin, M.-L.; Evans, W.; Gault, W.; Hersom, C.; Kendall, D.; Lathuillère, C.; Lowe, R.; McDade, I.; Rochon, Y.; Shepherd, M.; Solheim, B.; Wang, D.-Y.; Ward, W.;

Published by: Reviews of Geophysics      Published on: 06/2012

YEAR: 2012     DOI: 10.1029/2012RG000390

airglow; dynamics; interferometers; mesosphere; temperature; winds

The Wind Imaging Interferometer (WINDII) on the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite: A 20 year perspective

The Wind Imaging Interferometer (WINDII) was launched on the NASA\textquoterights Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite on 12 September 1991 and operated until 2003. Its role in the mission was to measure vector winds in the Earth\textquoterights atmosphere from 80 to 110 km, but its measurements extended to nearly 300 km. The approach employed was to measure Doppler shifts from a suite of visible region airglow lines emitted over this altitude range. These included atomic oxygen O(¹S) and O(¹D) lines, as well as lines in the OH Meinel (8,3) and O₂ Atmospheric (0,0) bands. The instrument employed was a Doppler Michelson Interferometer that measured the Doppler shift as a phase shift of the cosinusoidal interferogram generated by single airglow lines. An extensive validation program was conducted after launch to confirm the accuracy of the measurements. The dominant wind field, the first one observed by WINDII, was that of the migrating diurnal tide at the equator. The overall most notable WINDII contribution followed from this: determining the influence of dynamics on the transport of atmospheric species. Currently, nonmigrating tides are being studied in the thermosphere at both equatorial and high latitudes. Other aspects investigated included solar and geomagnetic influences, temperatures from atmospheric-scale heights, nitric oxide concentrations, and the occurrence of polar mesospheric clouds. The results of these observations are reviewed from a perspective of 20 years. A future perspective is then projected, involving more recently developed concepts. It is intended that this description will be helpful for those planning future missions.

Shepherd, G.; Thuillier, G.; Cho, Y.-M.; Duboin, M.-L.; Evans, W.; Gault, W.; Hersom, C.; Kendall, D.; Lathuillère, C.; Lowe, R.; McDade, I.; Rochon, Y.; Shepherd, M.; Solheim, B.; Wang, D.-Y.; Ward, W.;

Published by: Reviews of Geophysics      Published on: 06/2012

YEAR: 2012     DOI: 10.1029/2012RG000390

airglow; dynamics; interferometers; mesosphere; temperature; winds

Optical observations of large-scale undulations in the 23rd cycle of solar activity

A statistical analysis of observations of large-scale undulations during the 23rd cycle of solar activity was performed using optical data from two stations: Tixie (71.6\textdegreeN, 128.9\textdegreeE) and Zhigansk (66.8\textdegreeN, 123.4\textdegreeE). The total number of events recorded was 54 (43 events at Tixie and 11 at Zhigansk). The complete list of observed events is presented. The occurrence frequency of eveningside (17\textendash23 LT) undulations during the solar activity growth (1999) and decline (2003\textendash2005) phases tends to increase. Large-scale undulations were shown to be generated both on the equatorward boundary of the diffuse auroral zone and inside the diffuse zone, which does not necessarily occur during magnetic storms.

Baishev, D.; Barkova, E.; Yumoto, K.;

Published by: Geomagnetism and Aeronomy      Published on: 04/2012

YEAR: 2012     DOI: 10.1134/S0016793212020028

Optical System Design of a Spaceborne Broadband Far Ultraviolet Hyperspectral Imager

According to the application requirements for remote sensing of upper atmosphere,a reflective optical system of spaceborne far ultraviolet hyperspectral imager is designed.Which is composed of a scan mirror,an off-axis parabolic telescope and a toroidal grating spectrometer.An aberration-correction method for concave toroidal grating is developed.The initial parameters are solved based on the geometrical aberration theory of concave grating and then optimized using the optical design software Zemax,and the toroidal gating spectrometer is designed.The root mean square of spot radius is less than 16 μm in the working waveband.Aberration is corrected simultaneously in broadband and the requirement of spectral resolution of 0.6 nm is satisfied,which indicates the aberration-correction method is feasible.Ray tracing and analysing are performed by Zemax software.Analyzed results demonstrate that the modulation transfer function for different wavelength is more than 0.8,which satisfies the design requirements.The construction is compact and suitable for application in space remote sensing.

Qingsheng, Xue;

Published by: Acta Optica Sinica      Published on:

YEAR: 2012     DOI:

optical design hyperspectral imager toroidal grating far ultraviolet geometrical aberration

EXCIPIENTS-Compendial Standards and Excipient Performance in the QbD Era: USP Excipient Performance Chapter< 1059>

Sheehan, Catherine; Amidon, Gregory;

Published by: American Pharmaceutical Review      Published on:

YEAR: 2011     DOI:

Electric fields and large-scale undulations in the evening sector of the diffuse auroral zone

Baishev, D.; Barkova, E.; Stepanov, A.; Rich, F.; Yumoto, K.;

Published by: Geomagnetism and Aeronomy      Published on: Jan-02-2010

YEAR: 2010     DOI: 10.1134/S0016793210010056

NO ₂ air afterglow and O and NO densities from Odin-OSIRIS night and ACE-FTS sunset observations in the Antarctic MLT region

Gattinger, R.; McDade, I.; an, A.; Boone, C.; Walker, K.; Bernath, P.; Evans, W.; Degenstein, D.; Yee, J.-H.; Sheese, P.; Llewellyn, E.;

Published by: Journal of Geophysical Research      Published on: Jan-01-2010

YEAR: 2010     DOI: 10.1029/2009JD013205

NO2 air afterglow and O and NO densities from Odin-OSIRIS night and ACE-FTS sunset observations in the Antarctic MLT region

Gattinger, RL; McDade, IC; an, AL; Boone, CD; Walker, KA; Bernath, PF; Evans, WFJ; Degenstein, DA; Yee, J-H; Sheese, P; , others;

Published by: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres      Published on:

YEAR: 2010     DOI:

Optical Observations of the Eveningside Undulations during Solar Cycle 23

Baishev, DG; Barkova, ES; Fedorov, AA; Yumoto, K;

Published by: Proc. 8th International Confer ence “Problems of Geocosmos      Published on:

YEAR: 2010     DOI:

Design of FUV imaging spectrometer based on crossed Czerny-Turner structure

This article describes the characteristics of the far ultraviolet (FUV) radiation and its applications in the space weather s research and prediction. The FUV imaging spectrometer is irreplaceable to get the FUV radiation data of the earth s upper atmosphere. Some key technologies of FUV spectrometer are analyzed respectively, including window materials, FUV light source, FUV detectors and FUV coating, which offer theoretical foundation for FUV imaging spectrometer. The paper presents a FUV band imaging spectrometer s optical system which is based on crossed Czerny-Turner structure with all reflective components in it. The wavelength range of the FUV spectrometer optical system is from 100nm to 200nm and the initial structure is simulated and optimized by Zemax in order to improve the spectral resolution. The theoretical spectral resolution of the system is better than 1nm, and it has a certain imaging capacity.

Wu, Yan; Tang, Yi; Ni, Guoqiang; Sheng, Yunlong; Wang, Yongtian; Zeng, Lijiang;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 2009     DOI: 10.1117/12.806967

space weather; far ultraviolet; Imaging spectrometer; crossed Czerny-Turner system; optical design

VITMO: The Virtual Observatory for the ITM Community

Morrison, D; Weiss, M; Daley, R; Immer, L; Colclough, C; Holder, R; Jen, J; Patrone, D; Hashemian, M; Meckel, P; , others;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 2007     DOI:

Enabling Science with the Virtual ITM Observatory

Morrison, D; Weiss, M; Immer, L; Holder, R; Barnes, R; Colclough, C; Potter, M; Daley, R; Hashemian, M; Nylund, S; , others;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 2007     DOI:

Data Search in the Virtual ITM Observatory

Morrison, D; Weiss, M; Daley, R; Immer, L; Colclough, C; Holder, R; Jen, J; Hashemian, M; Meckel, P; Potter, M; , others;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 2007     DOI:

Two components of ionospheric plasma structuring at midlatitudes observed during the large magnetic storm of October 30, 2003

Basu, Su.; Basu, S.; Makela, J.; Sheehan, R.; MacKenzie, E.; Doherty, P.; Wright, J.; Keskinen, M.; Pallamgaju, D.; Paxton, L.; Berkely, F.;

Published by: Geophysical Research Letters      Published on: Jan-01-2005

YEAR: 2005     DOI: 10.1029/2004GL021669

Extended kalman filter for autonomous satellite navigation system

Devereux, William; Chacos, Albert; Asher, Mark; Duven, Dennis; Kusterer, Thomas; Morgan, Richard;

Published by:       Published on: 2

YEAR: 2005     DOI:

Space Sciences-Special Section: Violent Sun-Earth Connection Events of October-November 2003-L12S06-Two components of ionospheric plasma structuring at midiatitudes observed during the large

Basu, Su; Basu, Su; Makela, JJ; Sheehan, RE; MacKenzie, E; Doherty, P; Wright, JW; Keskinen, MJ; Pallamraju, D; Paxton, LJ; , others;

Published by: Geophysical Research Letters      Published on:

YEAR: 2005     DOI:

A Virtual Metadata Generator for the TIMED Program

Morrison, D; Weiss, M; Daley, R; Immer, E; Hashemian, M; Nylund, S; Skura, J;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 2005     DOI:

Two Components of Ionospheric Plasma Structuring at Mid-Latitudes during Large Magnetic Storms

Basu, S; Makela, J; Sheehan, R; MacKenzie, E; Keskinen, M; Pallamraju, D; Paxton, L;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 2004     DOI:

Autonomous satellite navigation system

Devereux, William; Heins, Robert; Chacos, Albert; Linstrom, Lloyd; Asher, Mark; Duven, Dennis; Gruenbacher, Don; Kusterer, Thomas; Strohbehn, Kim; Morgan, Richard; , others;

Published by:       Published on: aug

YEAR: 2003     DOI:

Products Derived From GUVI Dayglow and Auroral Data

Strickland, DJ; Christensen, A; Meier, R; Paxton, L; Morrison, D; Craven, J; Crowley, G; Waltersheid, R; Avery, S; Meng, C;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 2002     DOI: