Bibliography

Progresses and Challenges to specifying the IT system during weak storms

Deng, Yue; Heelis, Roderick; Paxton, Larry; Lyons, Larry; Nishimura, Toshi; Zhang, Shunrong; Bristow, Bill; Maute, Astrid; Sheng, Cheng; Zhu, Qingyu; , others;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 2021     DOI:

Challenges to understanding the Earth s ionosphere and thermosphere

We discuss, in a limited way, some of the challenges to advancing our understanding and description of the coupled plasma and neutral gas that make up the ionosphere and

Heelis, RA; Maute, A;

Published by: Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics      Published on:

YEAR: 2020     DOI: 10.1029/2019JA027497

The ionospheric connection explorer mission: Mission goals and design

The Ionospheric Connection Explorer, or ICON, is a new NASA Explorer mission that will explore the boundary between Earth and space to understand the physical connection

Immel, Thomas; England, SL; Mende, SB; Heelis, RA; Englert, CR; Edelstein, J; Frey, HU; Korpela, EJ; Taylor, ER; Craig, WW; , others;

Published by: Space Science Reviews      Published on:

YEAR: 2018     DOI: 10.1007/s11214-017-0449-2

Vertical Coupling in the Ionosphere—Thermosphere System I Posters

Heelis, Roderick; Rowland, Douglas; Paxton, Larry;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 2018     DOI:

The scintillation prediction observations research task (SPORT): an international science mission using a cubesat

UV Airglow images from TIMED GUVI clearly showing the equatorial anomaly with embedded depletions that have penetrated through the F peak. Green, Red and Blue traces show the

Spann, James; Swenson, Charles; Durao, Otavio; Loures, Luis; Heelis, Rod; Bishop, Rebecca; Le, Guan; Abdu, Mangalathayil; Krause, Linda; Fry, Craig; , others;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 2017     DOI:

The scintillation prediction observations research task (sport) mission

Fry, G; Spann, James; Swenson, Charles; Durao, Otavio; Loures, Luis; Heelis, Rod; Bishop, Rebecca; Le, Guan; Abdu, Mangalathayli; Krause, Linda; , others;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 2017     DOI:

The Scintillation Prediction Observations Research Task: A Multinational Science Mission Using a Cubesat

Spann, James; Swenson, Charles; Dur\~ao, Otavio; Loures, Luis; Heelis, Rod; Bishop, Rebecca; Le, Guan; Abdu, Mangalathayil; Krause, Linda; Denardin, Clezio; , others;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 2017     DOI:

SPORT: The Scintillation Prediction Observations Research Task

Spann, James; Swenson, Charles; Durao, Otavio; Loures, Luis; Heelis, Rod; Bishop, Rebecca; Le, Guan; Krause, Linda; Nardin, Clezio; Fonseca, Eloi; , others;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 2016     DOI:

The Scintillation Prediction Observations Research Task SA43C-04

Spann, James; Swenson, Charles; Dur\~ao, Otavio; Loures, Luis; Heelis, Rod; Bishop, Rebecca; Le, Guan; Krause, Linda; Nardin, Clezio; Fonseca, Eloi; , others;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 2015     DOI:

Solar filament impact on 21 January 2005: Geospace consequences

On 21 January 2005, a moderate magnetic storm produced a number of anomalous features, some seen more typically during superstorms. The aim of this study is to establish the differences in the space environment from what we expect (and normally observe) for a storm of this intensity, which make it behave in some ways like a superstorm. The storm was driven by one of the fastest interplanetary coronal mass ejections in solar cycle 23, containing a piece of the dense erupting solar filament material. The momentum of the massive solar filament caused it to push its way through the flux rope as the interplanetary coronal mass ejection decelerated moving toward 1 AU creating the appearance of an eroded flux rope (see companion paper by Manchester et al. (2014)) and, in this case, limiting the intensity of the resulting geomagnetic storm. On impact, the solar filament further disrupted the partial ring current shielding in existence at the time, creating a brief superfountain in the equatorial ionosphere\textemdashan unusual occurrence for a moderate storm. Within 1 h after impact, a cold dense plasma sheet (CDPS) formed out of the filament material. As the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) rotated from obliquely to more purely northward, the magnetotail transformed from an open to a closed configuration and the CDPS evolved from warmer to cooler temperatures. Plasma sheet densities reached tens per cubic centimeter along the flanks\textemdashhigh enough to inflate the magnetotail in the simulation under northward IMF conditions despite the cool temperatures. Observational evidence for this stretching was provided by a corresponding expansion and intensification of both the auroral oval and ring current precipitation zones linked to magnetotail stretching by field line curvature scattering. Strong Joule heating in the cusps, a by-product of the CDPS formation process, contributed to an equatorward neutral wind surge that reached low latitudes within 1\textendash2 h and intensified the equatorial ionization anomaly. Understanding the geospace consequences of extremes in density and pressure is important because some of the largest and most damaging space weather events ever observed contained similar intervals of dense solar material.

Kozyra, J.; Liemohn, M.; Cattell, C.; De Zeeuw, D.; Escoubet, C.; Evans, D.; Fang, X.; Fok, M.-C.; Frey, H.; Gonzalez, W.; Hairston, M.; Heelis, R.; Lu, G.; Manchester, W.; Mende, S.; Paxton, L.; Rastaetter, L.; Ridley, A.; Sandanger, M.; Soraas, F.; Sotirelis, T.; Thomsen, M.; Tsurutani, B.; Verkhoglyadova, O.;

Published by: Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics      Published on: 07/2014

YEAR: 2014     DOI: 10.1002/2013JA019748

cold dense plasma sheet; Equatorial anomaly; magnetotail; precipitation; prompt penetration electric field; solar filament

A modeling study of the longitudinal dependence of storm time midlatitude dayside total electron content enhancements

Sojka, J.; David, M.; Schunk, R.; Heelis, R.;

Published by: Journal of Geophysical Research      Published on: Jan-01-2012

YEAR: 2012     DOI: 10.1029/2011JA017000

Response of low-latitude ionosphere to medium-term changes of solar and geomagnetic activity

Kutiev, Ivan; Otsuka, Yuichi; Pancheva, Dora; Heelis, Rod;

Published by: Journal of Geophysical Research      Published on: Jan-01-2012

YEAR: 2012     DOI: 10.1029/2012JA017641

Onset conditions of bubbles and blobs: A case study on 2 March 2009

Kil, H; Choi, H-S; Heelis, RA; Paxton, LJ; Coley, WR; Miller, ES;

Published by: Geophysical Research Letters      Published on:

YEAR: 2011     DOI: 10.1029/2011GL046885

Longitudinal and seasonal variations of the equatorial ionospheric ion density and eastward drift velocity in the dusk sector

Huang, Chao-Song; Rich, Frederick; de La Beaujardiere, Odile; Heelis, Roderick;

Published by: Journal of Geophysical Research      Published on: Jan-01-2010

YEAR: 2010     DOI: 10.1029/2009JA014503

Quiet time meridional (vertical) ion drifts at low and middle latitudes observed by ROCSAT-1

Pacheco, E.; Heelis, R.; Su, S.-Y.;

Published by: Journal of Geophysical Research      Published on: Jan-01-2010

YEAR: 2010     DOI: 10.1029/2009JA015108

WN4 effect on longitudinal distribution of different ion species in the topside ionosphere at low latitudes by means of DEMETER, DMSP-F13 and DMSP-F15 data

Plasma probe data from DMSP-F13, DMSP-F15 and DEMETER satellites were used to examine longitudinal structures in the topside equatorial ionosphere during fall equinox conditions of 2004 year. Since the launch of DEMETER satellite on 29 June 2004, all these satellites operate close together in the topside ionosphere. Here, data taken from\ Special Sensor-Ion, Electron and Scintillations\ (SSIES) instruments on board DMSP-F13, F15 and\ Instrument Analyser de Plasma\ (IAP) on DEMETER, are used. Longitudinal variations in the major ions at two altitudes (~730 km for DEMETER and ~840 km for DMSP) are studied to further describe the recently observed "wavenumber-four" (WN4) structures in the equatorial topside ionosphere. Different ion species H⁺, He⁺\ and O⁺\ have a rather complex longitudinal behavior. It is shown that WN4 is almost a regular feature in O⁺\ the density distribution over all local times covered by these satellites. In the evening local time sector, H⁺\ ions follow the O⁺\ behavior within WN4 structures up to the pre-midnight hours. Near sunrise H⁺\ and later in the daytime, He⁺longitudinal variations are out of phase with respect to O⁺\ ions and effectively reduce the effect of WN4 on total ion density distribution at altitudes 730\textendash840 km. It is shown that both a WN4\ E\texttimesB\ drift driver and local F-region winds must be considered to explain the observed ion composition variations.

Bankov, L.; Heelis, R.; Parrot, M.; Berthelier, J.-J.; Marinov, P.; Vassileva, A.;

Published by: Annales Geophysicae      Published on: Jan-01-2009

YEAR: 2009     DOI: 10.5194/angeo-27-2893-2009

Formation of a plasma depletion shell in the equatorial ionosphere

An accurate description of the irregularity region defined by a plasma bubble is critically important in understanding the dynamics of the region and its effects on radio scintillation. Here we describe a plasma depletion region as a \textquotedblleftdepletion shell\textquotedblright and show how two-dimensional optical images from space can be used to define the shape of the depletion shell. Our simple model calculation demonstrates that the space-based optical observation can detect the plasma-depleted magnetic flux tubes only near the F-peak height. The backward C-shape in bubble images from optical observations is the trace of the plasma depletion shell near the F-peak height. The westward tilt of bubbles at the magnetic equator can also be explained by this shell structure. The in situ measurement of the ion velocity at night in the topside shows the decrease of the eastward plasma drift with an increase of latitude. The formation of the plasma depletion shell is consistent with the latitudinal/altitudinal shear in the zonal plasma flow.

Kil, Hyosub; Heelis, Roderick; Paxton, Larry; Oh, Seung-Jun;

Published by: Journal of Geophysical Research      Published on: 11/2009

YEAR: 2009     DOI: 10.1029/2009JA014369

Equatorial ionosphere; plasma depletion shell; zonal shear flow

The one-to-one relationship between the pre-reversal enhancement and equatorial plasma bubbles observed from ROCSAT and CNOFS/CINDI

Kil, H; Paxton, LJ; Heelis, RA;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 2008     DOI:

Ionospheric storm time dynamics as seen by GPS tomography and in situ spacecraft observations

During major geomagnetic storms anomalous enhancements of the ionospheric density are seen at high and middle latitudes. A number of physical mechanisms have been invoked to explain these storm time density anomalies including an expansion of high-latitude electric plasma convection to midlatitudes, thermospheric neutral winds, and changes in the ionospheric composition. However, it remains unclear which mechanism plays the dominant role in the formation of storm time density anomalies, partly because of insufficient coverage of the measurements of global electric convection and thermospheric winds at midlatitudes. This paper describes a novel technique for extracting the storm time E × B convection boundary from in situ measurements of plasma bulk motion obtained by LEO DMSP satellites. The convection boundary estimated from the DMSP data during major magnetic storm of 20 November 2003 has been compared with the global distributions of the ionospheric plasma deduced from characteristics of GPS signals acquired by a ground-based network of GPS receivers. The tomographic inversion of GPS data using a three-dimensional time-dependent inversion technique reveals the spatial and temporal evolution of the storm time density anomaly. Comparison between the tomographic reconstructions of the ionospheric plasma distributions and in situ DMSP measurements of plasma bulk motion suggests that the convective flow expanded low enough in latitude to encompass, in part, the formation of the midlatitude TEC anomaly. Some features of the TEC dynamics observed during the 20 November 2003 storm, however, suggest that mechanisms other than the expanded ionospheric convection (such as thermospheric neutral winds) are also involved in the formation of the midlatitude anomaly.

Pokhotelov, D.; Mitchell, C.; Spencer, P.; Hairston, M.; Heelis, R.;

Published by: Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics      Published on:

YEAR: 2008     DOI: https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JA013109

Ionospheric storms; Tomography; plasma convection

Longitudinal variations of electron temperature and total ion density in the sunset equatorial topside ionosphere

Based on the DMSP F13 Satellite observations from 1995 to 2005, the longitudinal distributions of the electron temperature (Te) and total ion density (Ni) in the sunset equatorial topside ionosphere are examined. The results suggest that the longitudinal variations of both Te and Ni exhibit obvious seasonal dependence as follows: (1) wavenumber-four longitudinal structure in equinox, (2) three peaks structure in June solstice, and (3) two peaks structure in December solstice. Moreover, the longitudinal variations of Te and Ni show significant anti-correlation, and we speculate that the longitudinal variation of Te may result from that of Ni which can control Te through the electron cooling rate. The wavenumber-four longitudinal structures of both Te and Ni in equinox may relate to the eastward propagating zonal wavenumber-3 diurnal tide (DE3), which has effect on the amplitude of the daytime zonal electric field. The longitudinal variation of Te and Ni in the two solstices may be caused both by longitudinal variation of geomagnetic declination and DE3.

Ren, Zhipeng; Wan, Weixing; Liu, Libo; Zhao, Biqiang; Wei, Yong; Yue, Xinan; Heelis, Roderick;

Published by: Geophysical Research Letters      Published on:

YEAR: 2008     DOI: https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL032998

topside ionosphere; longitudinal variation

Space-based research into the ionosphere-thermosphere system: The need for greater organization and a plan for achieving it

Clemmons, JH; Crowley, G; Heelis, RA; Mannucci, AJ; Paxton, LJ; Pfaff, RF; Spann, JF;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 2007     DOI:

VITMO: A Virtual Observatory for the ITM Community

Morrison, D; Weiss, M; Daley, R; Immer, L; Nylund, S; Yee, J; Talaat, E; Russell, J; Heelis, R; Kozyra, J; , others;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 2006     DOI:

Seasonal and longitudinal variation of large-scale topside equatorial plasma depletions

We examine the large-scale properties of three classes of equatorial topside plasma depletions referred to as channels. In order of increasing zonal width and internal large-scale substructuring, we study simple channels, multichannels, and superchannels. We find that peaks in channel activity are centered on 0° (African sector) and 180° (Western Pacific sector). Superchannels are found to strongly dominate in the African sector, whereas simple and multichannels dominate the Pacific sector. Within the African sector, the relative proportions of the three channel classes remain stable in all seasons. In the Pacific sector, simple and multichannels are dominant in all seasons of activity, though small but significant seasonal variations in channel widths and spacings are seen. Structure at a zonal scale size of about 100 km is found to be present in all channels examined. Observational and model evidence suggests that 100-km density structure represents channels, such that all multichannels and superchannels consist of multiple contiguous simple channels. Since seeds that initiate channel formation necessarily influence large-scale channel features, we utilize our data to draw conclusions regarding bottomside seeding conditions in the various seasonal and longitudinal sectors. Specifically, we find that strong, long-wavelength (∼1000 km) seeds appear much more frequently in the African sector, resulting in the prevalence of superchannels there. When long-wavelength seeds appear in the Pacific sector, they result in periodic trains of simple and multichannels. A bottomside preseeded at a scale size near 100 km accounts for the ubiquity of 100-km scale size in the AE-E data.

Hei, M.; Heelis, R.; McClure, J.;

Published by: Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics      Published on:

YEAR: 2005     DOI: https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JA011153

bubbles; equatorial plasma depletions; plumes

Characteristics of ion velocity structure at high latitudes during steady southward interplanetary magnetic field conditions

Johnson, ES; Heelis, RA;

Published by: Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics      Published on:

YEAR: 2005     DOI:

Using insitu satellite data to describe global scale variations in space weather

Quite frequently visible and uv imagery of the ionosphere and upper atmosphere is used to describe the global scale characteristics of ion density and composition. This invaluable data

Heelis, Roderick; Hairston, Marc; Coley, William;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 2004     DOI:

Coupling processes in the inner magnetosphere associated with midlatitude red auroras during superstorms

Kozyra, JU; Anderson, BJ; Brandt, PC; Cattell, CA; Dombeck, JP; Hairston, MR; Heelis, RA; Huang, CY; Korth, H; Liemohn, MW; , others;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 2004     DOI: