Bibliography

Pronounced Suppression and X-Pattern Merging of Equatorial Ionization Anomalies After the 2022 Tonga Volcano Eruption

Following the 2022 Tonga Volcano eruption, dramatic suppression and deformation of the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) crests occurred in the American sector ∼14,000 km away from the epicenter. The EIA crests variations and associated ionosphere-thermosphere disturbances were investigated using Global Navigation Satellite System total electron content data, Global-scale Observations of the Limb and Disk ultraviolet images, Ionospheric Connection Explorer wind data, and ionosonde observations. The main results are as follows: (a) Following the eastward passage of expected eruption-induced atmospheric disturbances, daytime EIA crests, especially the southern one, showed severe suppression of more than 10 TEC Unit and collapsed equatorward over 10° latitudes, forming a single band of enhanced density near the geomagnetic equator around 14–17 UT, (b) Evening EIA crests experienced a drastic deformation around 22 UT, forming a unique X-pattern in a limited longitudinal area between 20 and 40°W. (c) Thermospheric horizontal winds, especially the zonal winds, showed long-lasting quasi-periodic fluctuations between ±200 m/s for 7–8 hr after the passage of volcano-induced Lamb waves. The EIA suppression and X-pattern merging was consistent with a westward equatorial zonal dynamo electric field induced by the strong zonal wind oscillation with a westward reversal.

Aa, Ercha; Zhang, Shun-Rong; Wang, Wenbin; Erickson, Philip; Qian, Liying; Eastes, Richard; Harding, Brian; Immel, Thomas; Karan, Deepak; Daniell, Robert; Coster, Anthea; Goncharenko, Larisa; Vierinen, Juha; Cai, Xuguang; Spicher, Andres;

Published by: Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics      Published on:

YEAR: 2022     DOI: 10.1029/2022JA030527

EIA suppression and X-pattern; Equatorial ionization anomaly; GNSS TEC; GOLD UV images; ICON MIGHTI neutral wind; Tonga volcano eruption

Large-Scale Traveling Atmospheric and Ionospheric Disturbances Observed in GUVI With Multi-Instrument Validations

This study presents multi-instrument observations of persistent large-scale traveling ionosphere/atmospheric disturbances (LSTIDs/LSTADs) observed during moderately increased auroral electrojet activity and a sudden stratospheric warming in the polar winter hemisphere. The Global Ultraviolet Imager (GUVI), Gravity field and steady-state Ocean Circulation Explorer, Scanning Doppler Imaging Fabry–Perot Interferometers, and the Poker Flat Incoherent Scatter Radar are used to demonstrate the presence of LSTIDs/LSTADs between 19 UT and 5 UT on 18–19 January 2013 over the Alaska region down to lower midlatitudes. This study showcases the first use of GUVI for the study of LSTADs. These novel GUVI observations demonstrate the potential for the GUVI far ultraviolet emissions to be used for global-scale studies of waves and atmospheric disturbances in the thermosphere, a region lacking in long-term global measurements. These observations typify changes in the radiance from around 140 to 180 km, opening a new window into the behavior of the thermosphere.

Bossert, Katrina; Paxton, Larry; Matsuo, Tomoko; Goncharenko, Larisa; Kumari, Komal; Conde, Mark;

Published by: Geophysical Research Letters      Published on:

YEAR: 2022     DOI: 10.1029/2022GL099901

Impact of September 2019 Antarctic Sudden Stratospheric Warming on Mid-Latitude Ionosphere and Thermosphere Over North America and Europe

Goncharenko, Larisa; Harvey, Lynn; Greer, Katelynn; Zhang, Shun-Rong; Coster, Anthea; Paxton, Larry;

Published by: Geophysical Research Letters      Published on:

YEAR: 2021     DOI:

Longitudinally Varying Thermospheric Composition and Its Connection to the Extraordinary 2019 SSW

Greer, Katelynn; Harvey, Lynn; Goncharenko, Larisa;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 2020     DOI:

Is There a Compositional Signature That Could Explain Middle Latitude Ionospheric Signatures during Sudden Stratospheric Warmings?

Burns, Alan; Qian, Liying; Wang, Wenbin; Goncharenko, Larisa; Solomon, Stanley;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 2016     DOI:

The August 2011 URSI World Day campaign: Initial results

During a 10-day URSI World Day observational campaign beginning on August 1, 2011, an isolated, major geomagnetic storm occurred. On August 5,\ Kp\ reached values of 8^-and\ Dst\ dropped to -113\ nT. The occurrence of this isolated storm in the middle of a 10-day URSI World Day campaign provides and unprecedented opportunity to observe the coupling of solar wind energy into the magnetosphere and to evaluate the varied effects that occur in the coupled magnetosphere\textendashionosphere\textendashthermosphere system. Dramatic changes in the ionosphere are seen at every one of the active radar stations, extending from Greenland down to equatorial Peru in the American sector and at middle latitudes in Ukraine. Data from TIMED and THEMIS are shown to support initial interpretations of the observations, where we focus on processes in the middle latitude afternoon sector during main phase, and the formation of a dense equatorial ionosphere during storm recovery. The combined measurements strongly suggest that the changes in ionospheric conditions observed after the main storm phase can be attributed in large part to changes in the stormtime thermosphere. This is through the generation of disturbance dynamo winds and also global neutral composition changes that either reduce or enhance plasma densities in a manner that depends mainly upon latitude. Unlike larger storms with possibly more sustained forcing, this storm exhibits minimal effects of persistent meridional stormtime wind drag, and little penetration of solar wind electric potentials to low latitudes. It is, therefore, an outstanding example of an impulsive event that exhibits longer-term effects through modification of the background atmosphere.

Immel, Thomas; Liu, Guiping; England, Scott; Goncharenko, Larisa; Erickson, Philip; Lyashenko, Mykhaylo; Milla, Marco; Chau, Jorge; Frey, Harald; Mende, Stephen; Zhou, Qihou; Stromme, Anja; Paxton, Larry;

Published by: Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics      Published on: 11/2015

YEAR: 2015     DOI: 10.1016/j.jastp.2015.09.005

Aeronomy; Ionosphere; Radar; thermosphere

Ionospheric and thermospheric variations associated with prompt penetration electric fields

Lu, G.; Goncharenko, L.; Nicolls, M.; Maute, A.; Coster, A.; Paxton, L.;

Published by: Journal of Geophysical Research      Published on: Jan-01-2012

YEAR: 2012     DOI: 10.1029/2012JA017769

Ionospheric effects caused by the series of geomagnetic storms of September 9--14, 2005

Klimenko, M.; Klimenko, V.; Ratovsky, K.; Goncharenko, L.;

Published by: Geomagnetism and Aeronomy      Published on: Jan-06-2011

YEAR: 2011     DOI: 10.1134/S0016793211030108

Coupling Through Planetary Waves: from the Stratosphere to Ionospheric Irregularities

Goncharenko, Larisa; Coster, Anthea; Chau, Jorge;

Published by: To propose an observational strategy that would investigate potential effects of planetary waves on irregularities      Published on:

YEAR: 2011     DOI:

Disturbances in the ionospheric F-region peak heights in the American longitudinal sector during geomagnetic storms of September 2005

In this paper, we use the modified GSM TIP model to explore how the thermosphere–ionosphere system in the American longitudinal sector responded to the series of geomagnetic storms on September 9–14, 2005. Comparison of modeling results with experimental data at Millstone Hill, USA (42.6°N, 71.5°W), Ramey, Puerto Rico (18.3°N, 66.8°W) and Jicamarca, Peru (11.9°S, 76.9°W) has shown a good agreement of ionospheric disturbances in the F-region maximum height. We examine in detail the formation mechanisms of these disturbances at different latitudes and describe some of the important physical processes affecting the behavior of the F-region. In addition, we consider the propagation of thermospheric wind surge and the formation of additional layers in the low-latitude ionosphere during geomagnetic storms.

Klimenko, M.V.; Klimenko, V.V.; Ratovsky, K.G.; Goncharenko, L.P.;

Published by: Advances in Space Research      Published on:

YEAR: 2011     DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2011.06.002

geomagnetic storm; Ionospheric modeling; F-region maximum height; Electric field; F3-layer; Thermospheric wind surge

Numerical modeling of ionospheric effects in the middle-and low-latitude F region during geomagnetic storm sequence of 9--14 September 2005

This study presents the Global Self-Consistent Model of the Thermosphere, Ionosphere and Protonosphere (GSM TIP) numerical simulations of the 9–14 September 2005 geomagnetic

Klimenko, MV; Klimenko, VV; Ratovsky, KG; Goncharenko, LP; Sahai, Y; Fagundes, PR; De Jesus, R; De Abreu, AJ; Vesnin, AM;

Published by: Radio Science      Published on:

YEAR: 2011     DOI:

Modeling of Ionosphere Effects of Geomagnetic Storm Sequence on September 9-14, 2005 in View of Solar Flares and Dependence of Model Input Parameters from AE-and Kp-indices

Klimenko, Maxim; Klimenko, Vladimir; Ratovsky, Konstantin; Goncharenko, Larisa;

Published by: 38th COSPAR Scientific Assembly      Published on:

YEAR: 2010     DOI:

Numerical modeling of ionospheric parameters during sequence of geomagnetic storms on September 9-14, 2005

In the given research it is presented the numerical calculation results of ionospheric parameters during sequence of geomagnetic storms on September 9–14, 2005. The calculations were executed with use of the Global Self-consistent Model of the Thermosphere, Ionosphere and Protonosphere (GSM TIP), developed in WD IZMIRAN. The potential difference through polar caps (PDPC) and field-aligned currents of the second region (FAC2) were set as function of Kp-index. Thus, the time delay of the FAC2 variations relative to the PDPC varia- tions was considered. The obtained calculation results were analyzed and compared with experimental data obtained at stations Irkutsk, Yakutsk, Arecibo and Millstone Hill.

Klimenko, MV; Klimenko, VV; Ratovsky, KG; Goncharenko, LP;

Published by: Physics of Auroral Phenomena      Published on:

YEAR: 2010     DOI:

Effects observed in the Latin American sector ionospheric F region during the intense geomagnetic disturbances in the early part of November 2004

Sahai, Y; Becker-Guedes, F; Fagundes, PR; De Jesus, R; De Abreu, AJ; Paxton, LJ; Goncharenko, LP; Brunini, C; Gende, M; Ferreira, AS; , others;

Published by: Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics      Published on:

YEAR: 2009     DOI:

A data-model comparative study of ionospheric positive storm phase in the midlatitude F region

Lu, G; Goncharenko, LP; Coster, AJ; Richmond, AD; Roble, RG; Aponte, N; Paxton, LJ;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 2008     DOI:

Observations of a positive storm phase on September 10, 2005

In this study, we present multi-instrument observations of a strong positive phase of ionospheric storm, which occurred on September 10, 2005 during a moderate geomagnetic storm with minimum D_st=-60\ nT and maximum K_p=6\textendash. The daytime electron density measured by the Millstone Hill incoherent scatter radar (42.6\textdegreeN, 288.5\textdegreeE) increased after 13\ UT (\~8\ LT) compared with that before the storm. This increase is observed throughout the daytime, lasts for about 9\ h, and covers F-region altitudes above \~230\ km. At the altitude of 300\ km, the maximum increase in N_e reaches a factor of 3 by 19:30\textendash20:00\ UT and is accompanied by a \~1000\ K decrease in electron temperature, a \~100\textendash150\ K increase in ion temperature, and a strong upward drift. Observations by Arecibo ISR (18.3\textdegreeN, 293.3\textdegreeE) reveal similar features, with the maximum increase in electron density reaching a factor of 2.5 at 21:30\ UT, i.e. 1.5\textendash2\ h later than over Millstone Hill. The GPS TEC data show that the increase in electron density observed at Millstone Hill and Arecibo is only a part of a global picture reflected in TEC. The increase in TEC reaches a factor of 2 and covers middle and low latitudes at 19\ UT. At later times this increase moves to lower latitudes. A combination of mechanisms were involved in generation of positive phase. The penetration electric field resulted in N_e enhancements at subauroral and middle latitudes, the TAD/TID played an important role at middle and lower latitudes, and increase in O/N₂ ratio could contribute to the observed positive phase at middle and lower latitudes. The results show the importance of an upward vertical drift at \~140\textendash250\ km altitude, which is observed for sustained period of time and assists in the convergence of ionization into the F-region.

Goncharenko, L.P.; Foster, J.C.; Coster, A.J.; Huang, C.; Aponte, N.; Paxton, L.;

Published by: Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics      Published on: 07/2007

YEAR: 2007     DOI: 10.1016/j.jastp.2006.09.011

F-region; geomagnetic storm; Ionosphere; positive phase

Large variations in the thermosphere and ionosphere during minor geomagnetic disturbances in April 2002 and their association with IMF B _y

We investigate the variations in the thermosphere and ionosphere using multi-instrument observations during the April 2002 period, with a particular focus on periods during small geomagnetic disturbances. Large and long-lasting reductions in the daytime electron density were observed at midlatitudes by incoherent scatter radars, ionosondes, and GPS receivers. These reductions reached 30\textendash50\% and were observed over an extended longitudinal area. They propagated to middle latitudes (35\textendash40\textdegreeN) in the case of a weak geomagnetic disturbance (K_p = 3-) and to low latitudes (0\textendash10\textdegreeN) in the case of a stronger disturbance (K_p = 5-). Data from the GUVI instrument aboard the TIMED satellite reveal a reduction in the daytime O/N₂ ratio in the coincident area. Similar decreases are also predicted by the TIMEGCM/ASPEN model in both O/N₂ ratio and electron density, though the magnitude of the decrease from the model is smaller than observed. We suggest that these ionospheric and thermospheric disturbances result from high-latitude energy input and efficient transport of regions with reduced O/N₂ to lower latitudes. We discuss the possible role of a strong positive B_y component of the interplanetary magnetic field in the transport of regions with reduced O/N₂.

Goncharenko, L.; Salah, J.; Crowley, G.; Paxton, L.; Zhang, Y.; Coster, A.; Rideout, W.; Huang, C.; Zhang, S.; Reinisch, B.; Taran, V.;

Published by: Journal of Geophysical Research      Published on: 03/2006

YEAR: 2006     DOI: 10.1029/2004JA010683

Electron density; thermospheric composition; thermospheric wind

Large variations in the thermosphere and ionosphere during minor geomagnetic disturbances in April 2002 and their association with IMF By

Goncharenko, L; Salah, J; Crowley, G; Paxton, LJ; Zhang, Y; Coster, A; Rideout, W; Huang, C; Zhang, S; Reinisch, B; , others;

Published by: Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics      Published on:

YEAR: 2006     DOI:

October 2002 30-day incoherent scatter radar experiments at Millstone Hill and Svalbard and simultaneous GUVI/TIMED observations

A long-duration incoherent scatter radar (ISR) experiment was conducted at Millstone Hill and Svalbard from October 4\textendashNovember 4, 2002. Along with the simultaneous GUVI/TIMED neutral composition measurements, this 30-day run enabled us to study a number of thermosphere-ionosphere-magnetosphere phenomena. This paper focuses on the day-to-day variability and quasiperiodic oscillation of the ionosphere. The day-to-day variability under quiet magnetic conditions in electron density Ne, ion temperature Ti and electron temperature Te, respectively, changed with local time and height, with the largest variability in Ne and the smallest in Ti. Midnight through dawn was the period of largest variability. Quasiperiodic Ne oscillations were present with periods \>1 day. Some of these oscillations were correlated with changes in the neutral composition originating from geomagnetic activity, which altered the global atmospheric circulation as a result of high latitude heating processes as indicated in Svalbard ion temperature enhancements. However, the wave-type oscillation of Ne exhibits a downward phase progression which persists up to 600 km and prevails until a large storm appears to impose an upward phase progression.

Zhang, Shun-Rong; Holt, John; Erickson, Phil; Lind, Frank; Foster, John; van Eyken, Anthony; Zhang, Yongliang; Paxton, Larry; Rideout, William; Goncharenko, Larisa; Campbell, Glenn;

Published by: Geophysical Research Letters      Published on: 01/2005

YEAR: 2005     DOI: 10.1029/2004GL020732

Space Sciences-L01108 October 2002 30-day incoherent scatter radar experiments at Millstone Hill and Svalbard and simultaneous GUVI/TIMED observations (DOI 10.1029/2004GL020732)

Zhang, Shun-Rong; Holt, John; Erickson, Phil; Lind, Frank; Foster, John; van Eyken, Anthony; Zhang, Yongliang; Paxton, Larry; Rideout, William; Goncharenko, Larisa; , others;

Published by: Geophysical Research Letters      Published on:

YEAR: 2005     DOI:

Shun-Rong Zhang, John M. Holt, Phil J. Erickson, Frank D. Lind, John C. Foster, Anthony P. van Eyken, 2 Yongliang Zhang, 3 Larry J. Paxton, 3 William C. Rideout

Goncharenko, Larisa; Campbell, Glenn;

Published by: GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS      Published on:

YEAR: 2005     DOI:

Retrievals of nighttime electron density from Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED) mission Global Ultraviolet Imager (GUVI) measurements

In this work we will present a method for retrieving nighttime electron density profiles from OI 135.6 nm limb emissions measured by the Global Ultraviolet Imager (GUVI) aboard the Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED) mission spacecraft. The primary mechanism for 135.6 nm radiance in the nighttime thermosphere is recombination of O⁺ ions, and the volume emission rate is approximately proportional to the square of the electron density. Herein we describe a two-step inversion method in which we first determine the volume emission rate as a function of altitude from the radiance measurements and then use the inferred volume emission rates to determine the electron density profile. There are two important factors that we have addressed in constructing the retrieval algorithms for this problem. First, the GUVI instrument was primarily designed for day side measurements. Consequently, the signal levels on the night side are very low, and our retrieval algorithms must therefore be able to function in regions where the signals are weak. Second, since we must take the square root of the volume emission rate, it must be everywhere positive in order for the electron density to be deduced. For this reason, we have imposed nonnegativity constraints (using the methods described by Menke [1989]) on what might otherwise be discrete linear retrievals of volume emission rate. After describing the retrieval method we present an error analysis and a preliminary comparison with coincident measurements by incoherent scatter radars (ISRs). In general, the retrieved electron densities from the GUVI data agree well with the ISR data, although more coincident measurements would increase our confidence in the resulting electron density profiles.

DeMajistre, R.; Paxton, L.; Morrison, D.; Yee, J.-H.; Goncharenko, L.; Christensen, A.;

Published by: Journal of Geophysical Research      Published on: 04/2004

YEAR: 2004     DOI: 10.1029/2003JA010296

Electron density; inversion; low-latitude ionosphere; TIMED/GUVI

Retrievals of nighttime electron density from TIMED Global Ultraviolet Imager (GUVI) measurements

DeMajistre, R; Paxton, LJ; Morrison, D; Yee, JH; Goncharenko, L; Christensen, A;

Published by: J. Geophys. Res      Published on:

YEAR: 2004     DOI:

Ionosphere and Upper Atmosphere-A 05305. Retrievals of nighttime electron density from Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED) mission Global Ultraviolet Imager (GUVI)

DeMajistre, R; Paxton, LJ; Morrison, D; Yee, JH; Goncharenko, LP; Christensen, AB;

Published by: Journal of Geophysical Research-Part A-Space Physics      Published on:

YEAR: 2004     DOI:

First Three Years of TIMED: New Results in Sun-Earth Connections

Kozyra, JU; Crowley, G; Goncharenko, LP; Hagan, ME; Lu, G; Mlynczak, MG; Paxton, LJ; RUSSELL, JM; Solomon, SC; Talaat, ER; , others;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 2004     DOI:

Space Weather Effects of the April 15-23 2002 Geomagnetic Storm

Hackert, C; Crowley, G; Paxton, L; Christensen, A; Kil, Y; Zhang, Y; Morrison, D; Goncharenko, L; Makela, J; Sahai, Y; , others;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 2003     DOI:

Variability in the Mesosphere/Thermosphere/Ionosphere System During the Quiet Time of April 2002

Goncharenko, LP; Salah, J; Coster, A; Rideout, W; , Zhang; Paxton, L; Zhang, Y; Crowley, G; , Taran; Reinisch, B; , others;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 2003     DOI:

Comparison of TIMED/GUVI inferred nighttime electron density with ionospheric observations and models

Talaat, ER; DeMajistre, R; Paxton, L; Yee, J; Goncharenko, LP; Crowley, G; Azeem, S; Shpynev, B; Zhou, Q; Kil, H; , others;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 2002     DOI: