Bibliography

Climatology of Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere Residual Circulations and Mesopause Height Derived From SABER Observations

In the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) region, residual circulations driven by gravity wave breaking and dissipation significantly impact constituent distribution and the height and temperature of the mesopause. The distribution of CO2 can be used as a proxy for the residual circulations. Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) CO2 volume mixing ratio (VMR) and temperature measurements from 2003 to 2020 are used to study the monthly climatology of MLT residual circulations and the mesopause height. Our analyses show that (a) mesopause height strongly correlates with the CO2 VMR vertical gradient during solstices; (b) mesopause height has a discontinuity at midlatitude in the summer hemisphere, with a lower mesopause height at mid-to-high latitudes as a result of adiabatic cooling driven by strong adiabatic upwelling; (c) the residual circulations have strong seasonal variations at mid-to-high latitudes, but they are more uniform at low latitudes; and (d) the interannual variability of the residual circulations and mesopause height is larger in the Southern Hemisphere (SH; 4–5 km) than in the Northern Hemisphere (NH; 0.5–1 km).

Wang, Ningchao; Qian, Liying; Yue, Jia; Wang, Wenbin; Mlynczak, Martin; Russell, James;

Published by: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres      Published on:

YEAR: 2022     DOI: 10.1029/2021JD035666

climatology; interannual variation; MLT region; residual circulation; seasonal variation

Seasonal Variation Analysis of Thermospheric Composition in TIMED/GUVI Limb Measurements

Knowledge of thermospheric variability is essential to the understanding and forecasting of ionospheric behavior and space weather. As well, thermospheric density variability is a vital ingredient for prediction of space objects orbital changes and the lifetime of spacecraft. The Global UltraViolet Imager (GUVI) onboard the Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED) satellite provides the first global dataset of thermosphere composition (O, N2 and O2 densities) and temperature vertical profiles from 2002-2007.

Yue, Jia; Meier, Robert; Jian, Yongxiao; Yee, Jeng-Hwa; Wu, Dong; Russell, James; Wang, Wenbin; Burns, Alan;

Published by: 2018 Triennial Earth-Sun Summit (TESS      Published on:

YEAR: 2018     DOI:

Impacts of SABER CO ₂ -based eddy diffusion coefficients in the lower thermosphere on the ionosphere/thermosphere

This work estimates global-mean K_zz using Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry/Thermosphere-Ionosphere-Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics monthly global-mean CO₂ profiles and a one-dimensional transport model. It is then specified as a lower boundary into the Thermosphere-Ionosphere-Electrodynamics General Circulation Model (TIE-GCM). Results first show that global-mean CO₂ in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere region has annual and semiannual oscillations (AO and SAO) with maxima during solstice seasons along with a primary maximum in boreal summer. Our calculated AO and SAO in global-mean CO₂ are then modeled by AO and SAO in global-mean K_zz. It is then shown that our estimated global-mean K_zz is lower in magnitude than the suggested global-mean K_zz from Qian et al. (2009) that can model the observed AO and SAO in the ionosphere/thermosphere (IT) region. However, our estimated global-mean K_zz is similar in magnitude with recent suggestions of global-mean K_zz in models with explicit gravity wave parameterization. Our work therefore concludes that global-mean K_zz from global-mean CO₂ profiles cannot model the observed AO and SAO in the IT region because our estimated global-mean K_zz may only be representing eddy diffusion due to gravity wave breaking. The difference between our estimated global-mean K_zz and the global-mean K_zz from Qian et al. (2009) thus represents diffusion and mixing from other nongravity wave sources not directly accounted for in the TIE-GCM lower boundary conditions. These other sources may well be the more dominant lower atmospheric forcing behind the AO and SAO in the IT region.

Salinas, Cornelius; Chang, Loren; Liang, Mao-Chang; Yue, Jia; Russell, James; Mlynczak, Martin;

Published by: Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics      Published on: 11/2016

YEAR: 2016     DOI: 10.1002/2016JA023161

Current Understanding of the Ionosphere Thermosphere Ionosphere (ITM) Structure Variability, Its Impacts, and Outstanding Questions II Posters

Yee, Jeng-Hwa; Paxton, Larry; Russell, James; Mlynczak, Martin;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 2016     DOI:

Space shuttle exhaust plumes in the lower thermosphere: Advective transport and diffusive spreading

The space shuttle main engine plume deposited between 100 and 115\ km altitude is a valuable tracer for global-scale dynamical processes. Several studies have shown that this plume can reach the Arctic or Antarctic to form bursts of polar mesospheric clouds (PMCs) within a few days. The rapid transport of the shuttle plume is currently not reproduced by general circulation models and is not well understood. To help delineate the issues, we present the complete satellite datasets of shuttle plume observations by the Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry instrument and the Sub-Millimeter Radiometer instrument. From 2002 to 2011 these two instruments observed 27 shuttle plumes in over 600 limb scans of water vapor emission, from which we derive both advective meridional transport and diffusive spreading. Each plume is deposited at virtually the same place off the United States east coast so our results are relevant to northern mid-latitudes. We find that the advective transport for the first 6\textendash18\ h following deposition depends on the local time (LT) of launch: shuttle plumes deposited later in the day (~13\textendash22 LT) typically move south whereas they otherwise typically move north. For these younger plumes rapid transport is most favorable for launches at 6 and 18 LT, when the displacement is 10\textdegree in latitude corresponding to an average wind speed of 30\ m/s. For plumes between 18 and 30\ h old some show average sustained meridional speeds of 30\ m/s. For plumes between 30 and 54\ h old the observations suggest a seasonal dependence to the meridional transport, peaking near the beginning of year at 24\ m/s. The diffusive spreading of the plume superimposed on the transport is on average 23\ m/s in 24\ h. The plume observations show large variations in both meridional transport and diffusive spreading so that accurate modeling requires knowledge of the winds specific to each case. The combination of transport and spreading from the STS-118 plume in August 2007 formed bright PMCs between 75 and 85\textdegreeN a day after launch. These are the highest latitude Arctic PMCs formed by shuttle exhaust reported to date.

Stevens, Michael; Lossow, Stefan; Siskind, David; Meier, R.R.; Randall, Cora; Russell, James; Urban, Jo; Murtagh, Donal;

Published by: Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics      Published on: 02/2014

YEAR: 2014     DOI: 10.1016/j.jastp.2013.12.004

Atmospheric dynamics; Lower thermosphere; Polar mesospheric clouds; Space shuttle exhaust

Empirical STORM-E model: II. Geomagnetic corrections to nighttime ionospheric E-region electron densities

Auroral nighttime infrared emission observed by the Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) instrument onboard the Thermosphere\textendashIonosphere\textendashMesosphere Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED) satellite is used to develop an empirical model of geomagnetic storm enhancements to E-region electron densities. The empirical model is called STORM-E and will be incorporated into the 2012 release of the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI). The proxy for characterizing the E-region response to geomagnetic forcing is NO⁺(v) Volume Emission Rates (VER) derived from the TIMED/SABER 4.3\ μm channel limb radiance measurements. The storm-time response of the NO⁺(v) 4.3\ μm VER is most sensitive to auroral particle precipitation. A statistical database of storm-time to climatological quiet-time ratios of SABER-observed NO⁺(v) 4.3\ μm VER are fit to widely available geomagnetic indices using the theoretical framework of linear impulse-response theory. The STORM-E model provides a dynamic storm-time correction factor to adjust a known nighttime quiescent E-region electron density peak concentration for geomagnetic enhancements due to auroral particle precipitation. Part I of this series gives a detailed description of the algorithms and methodologies used to derive NO⁺(v) VER from SABER 4.3\ μm limb emission measurements. In this paper, Part II of the series, the development of the E-region electron density storm-time correction factor is described. The STORM-E storm-time correction factor is fit to a single geomagnetic index. There are four versions of the STORM-E model, which are currently independent of magnetic local time. Each version is fit to one of the following indices: HP, AE, Ap, or Dst. High-latitude Incoherent Scatter Radar (ISR) E-region electron density measurements are compared to STORM-E predictions for various geomagnetic storm periods during solar cycle 23. These comparisons show that STORM-E significantly improves the prediction of E-region electron density enhancements due to auroral particle precipitation, in comparison to the nominal IRI model or to the quiet-time baseline electron density concentrations measured by ISR. The STORM-E/ISR comparisons indicate that the STORM-E fits to the Ap-, AE-, and HP-indices are comparable in both absolute accuracy and relative dynamical response. Contrarily, the Dst-index does not appear to be a suitable input driver to parameterize the E-region electron density response to geomagnetic activity.

Mertens, Christopher; Xu, Xiaojing; Bilitza, Dieter; Mlynczak, Martin; Russell, James;

Published by: Advances in Space Research      Published on: 02/2013

YEAR: 2013     DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2012.09.014

AURORA; Auroral particle precipitation; E-region; Infrared remote sensing; Ionosphere; Magnetic storm; TIMED

Empirical STORM-E model: I. Theoretical and observational basis

Auroral nighttime infrared emission observed by the Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) instrument onboard the Thermosphere–Ionosphere–Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED) satellite is used to develop an empirical model of geomagnetic storm enhancements to E-region peak electron densities. The empirical model is called STORM-E and will be incorporated into the 2012 release of the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI). The proxy for characterizing the E-region response to geomagnetic forcing is NO+(v) volume emission rates (VER) derived from the TIMED/SABER 4.3μm channel limb radiance measurements. The storm-time response of the NO+(v) 4.3μm VER is sensitive to auroral particle precipitation. A statistical database of storm-time to climatological quiet-time ratios of SABER-observed NO+(v) 4.3μm VER are fit to widely available geomagnetic indices using the theoretical framework of linear impulse-response theory. The STORM-E model provides a dynamic storm-time correction factor to adjust a known quiescent E-region electron density peak concentration for geomagnetic enhancements due to auroral particle precipitation. Part II of this series describes the explicit development of the empirical storm-time correction factor for E-region peak electron densities, and shows comparisons of E-region electron densities between STORM-E predictions and incoherent scatter radar measurements. In this paper, Part I of the series, the efficacy of using SABER-derived NO+(v) VER as a proxy for the E-region response to solar-geomagnetic disturbances is presented. Furthermore, a detailed description of the algorithms and methodologies used to derive NO+(v) VER from SABER 4.3μm limb emission measurements is given. Finally, an assessment of key uncertainties in retrieving NO+(v) VER is presented.

Mertens, Christopher; Xu, Xiaojing; Bilitza, Dieter; Mlynczak, Martin; Russell, James;

Published by: Advances in Space Research      Published on:

YEAR: 2013     DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2012.09.009

Auroral particle precipitation; Ionosphere; E-region; Magnetic storm; Infrared remote sensing; SABER

Numerical simulations of composition changes in the high latitude thermosphere during disturbed conditions

The closure of magnetospheric currents in the high latitude ionosphere makes the high latitude thermosphere a very dynamic environment. The composition and dynamics of this region become even more complex during geomagnetic disturbances as the electric fields from the magnetosphere now have the ability to substantially alter the winds and composition of this region.

Russell, Albert;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 2011     DOI:

Satellite Observations of Space Shuttle Main Engine Exhaust: Vertical Diffusion and Meridional Transport

Stevens, MH; Meier, RR; Plane, JM; Emmert, JT; Russell, J;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 2010     DOI:

Influence of solar-geomagnetic disturbances on SABER measurements of 4.3 Micrometer emission and the retrieval of kinetic temperature and carbon dioxide

Thermospheric infrared radiance at 4.3 μm is susceptible to the influence of solar-geomagnetic disturbances. Ionization processes followed by ion-neutral chemical reactions lead to vibrationally excited NO+ (i.e., NO+(v)) and subsequent 4.3 μm emission in the ionospheric E-region. Large enhancements of nighttime 4.3 μm emission were observed by the TIMED/SABER instrument during the April 2002 and October\textendashNovember 2003 solar storms. Global measurements of infrared 4.3 μm emission provide an excellent proxy to observe the nighttime E-region response to auroral dosing and to conduct a detailed study of E-region ion-neutral chemistry and energy transfer mechanisms. Furthermore, we find that photoionization processes followed by ion-neutral reactions during quiescent, daytime conditions increase the NO+ concentration enough to introduce biases in the TIMED/SABER operational processing of kinetic temperature and CO2 data, with the largest effect at summer solstice. In this paper, we discuss solar storm enhancements of 4.3 μm emission observed from SABER and assess the impact of NO+(v) 4.3 μm emission on quiescent, daytime retrievals of Tk/CO2 from the SABER instrument.

Mertens, Christopher; Winick, Jeremy; Picard, Richard; Evans, David; opez-Puertas, Manuel; Wintersteiner, Peter; Xu, Xiaojing; Mlynczak, Martin; Russell, James;

Published by: Advances in Space Research      Published on:

YEAR: 2009     DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2008.10.029

Tidal variability in the ionospheric dynamo region

The seasonal and interannual variability of migrating (Sun-synchronous) and nonmigrating solar atmospheric tides at altitudes between 100 and 116 km are investigated using temperature measurements made with the SABER instrument on the TIMED spacecraft during 2002–2006. Quasi-biennial variations of order ±10–15\% in migrating diurnal and semidiurnal tidal amplitudes are found, presumably due to modulation by the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) as the tides propagate from their troposphere and stratospheric sources to the lower thermosphere. A number of nonmigrating tidal components are found that have the potential to produce significant longitudinal variability of the total tidal fields. The most prominent of these, i.e., those that appear at amplitudes of order 5–10 K in a 5-year mean climatology, include the zonally symmetric (s = 0) diurnal tide (D0); the eastward propagating diurnal and semidiurnal tides with zonal wave numbers s = −2 (DE2 and SE2) and s = −3 (DE3 and SE3); and the following westward propagating waves: diurnal s = 2 (DW2); semidiurnal s = 1 (SW1), s = 3 (SW3), and s = 4 (SW4); and terdiurnal s = 5 (TW5). These waves can be plausibly accounted for by nonlinear interaction between migrating tidal components and stationary planetary waves with s = 1 or s = 2 or by longitudinal variations of tropospheric thermal forcing. Additional waves that occur during some years or undergo phase cancellation within construction of a 5-year climatology include DW5, SE1, SE4, SW6, TE1, TW1, and TW7. It is anticipated that the winds that accompany all of these waves in the 100–170 km region will impose longitudinal variability in the electric fields produced through the ionospheric dynamo mechanism, thereby modulating vertical motion of the equatorial ionosphere and the concomitant plasma densities. In addition to the wave-4 modulation of the equatorial ionosphere that has recently been discovered and replicated in modeling studies, the waves revealed here will generate wave-1 (SW1, SW3, D0, DW2), wave-2 (SW4, TW1), wave-3 (DE2, SE1), wave-4 (DE3, SE2, DW5, SW6, TE1, TW7), wave-5 (SE3), and wave-6 (SE4) components of this ionospheric variability, depending on year and time of year. However, the absolute and relative efficiencies with which these waves produce electric fields remains to be determined.

Forbes, J.; Zhang, X.; Palo, S.; Russell, J.; Mertens, C.; Mlynczak, M.;

Published by: Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics      Published on:

YEAR: 2008     DOI: https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JA012737

tides; dynamo; Ionosphere

Efficiency of Different Types of Geomagnetic Activity (and Their Solar Drivers) at Producing NOx Capable of Significantly Effecting Stratospheric Ozone

Kozyra, JU; Mlynczak, MG; Paxton, LJ; RUSSELL, JM;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 2007     DOI:

Ionospheric E-region response to solar-geomagnetic storms observed by TIMED/SABER and application to IRI storm-model development

The large thermospheric infrared radiance enhancements observed from the TIMED/SABER experiment during recent solar storms provide an exciting opportunity to study the influence of solar-geomagnetic disturbances on the upper atmosphere and ionosphere. In particular, nighttime enhancements of 4.3μm emission, due to vibrational excitation and radiative emission by NO+, provide an excellent proxy to study and analyze the response of the ionospheric E-region to auroral electron dosing and storm-time enhancements to the E-region electron density. In this paper, we give a status report of on-going work on model and data analysis methodologies of deriving NO+ 4.3μm volume emission rates, a proxy for the storm-time E-region response, and the approach for deriving an empirical storm-time correction to IRI E-region NO+ and electron densities.

Mertens, Christopher; Mast, Jeffrey; Winick, Jeremy; Russell, James; Mlynczak, Martin; Evans, David;

Published by: Advances in Space Research      Published on:

YEAR: 2007     DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2006.09.032

Ionosphere; Magnetic storms; Ion-neutral chemistry; Non-LTE; Radiation transfer

The Variabilities of the Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere as observed by TIMED

Yee, J; Talaat, E; Zhu, X; Russell, J; Mlynczak, M; SKINNER, W; Paxton, L;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 2007     DOI:

Inter-annual and long-term variations observed in the ITM system

Talaat, ER; Yee, J; Ruohoniemi, JM; Zhu, X; DeMajistre, R; Russell, J; Mlynczak, M; Paxton, L; Christensen, A;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 2007     DOI:

VITMO: A Virtual Observatory for the ITM Community

Morrison, D; Weiss, M; Daley, R; Immer, L; Nylund, S; Yee, J; Talaat, E; Russell, J; Heelis, R; Kozyra, J; , others;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 2006     DOI:

Geophysical Monograph SeriesRecurrent Magnetic Storms: Corotating Solar Wind StreamsResponse of the upper/middle atmosphere to coronal holes and powerful high-speed solar wind streams in 2003

Kozyra, J.; Crowley, G.; Emery, B.; Fang, X.; Maris, G.; Mlynczak, M.; Niciejewski, R.; Palo, S.; Paxton, L.; Randall, C.; Rong, P.-P.; Russell, J.; Skinner, W.; Solomon, S.; Talaat, E.; Wu, Q.; Yee, J.-H.;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 2006     DOI: 10.1029/GM16710.1029/167GM24

Response of the upper/middle atmosphere to coronal holes and powerful high-speed solar wind streams in 2003

Kozyra, JU; Crowley, G; RONG, P-P; RUSSELL, JM; SKINNER, W; Solomon, SC;

Published by: Geophysical monograph      Published on:

YEAR: 2006     DOI:

Lower Atmosphere Effects on Thermospheric and Ionospheric Variability

Talaat, ER; Yee, J; Paxton, L; DeMajistre, R; Christensen, A; Russell, J; Mlynczak, M; Zhu, X; Sotirelis, T; Smith, D;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 2006     DOI:

Energy transport in the thermosphere during the solar storms of April 2002

Mlynczak, Martin; Martin-Torres, Javier; Crowley, Geoff; Kratz, David; Funke, Bernd; Lu, Gang; Lopez-Puertas, Manuel; Russell, James; Kozyra, Janet; Mertens, Chris; Sharma, Ramesh; Gordley, Larry; Picard, Richard; Winick, Jeremy; Paxton, L.;

Published by: Journal of Geophysical Research      Published on: Jan-01-2005

YEAR: 2005     DOI: 10.1029/2005JA011141

NASA Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED) Mission: Significant Findings and Evolving Research

Yee, J; Christensen, A; Russell, J; Killeen, T; Woods, T; Kozyra, J; Smith, A; Fritts, D; Forbes, J; Mayr, H; , others;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 2005     DOI:

Observations of Tides and Planetary Waves from the stratosphere to the thermosphere

Talaat, ER; Yee, J; Paxton, L; Zhang, Y; Zhu, X; Meier, R; Christensen, A; Mlynczak, M; RUSSELL, JM;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 2004     DOI:

First Three Years of TIMED: New Results in Sun-Earth Connections

Kozyra, JU; Crowley, G; Goncharenko, LP; Hagan, ME; Lu, G; Mlynczak, MG; Paxton, LJ; RUSSELL, JM; Solomon, SC; Talaat, ER; , others;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 2004     DOI:

Thermospheric infrared radiance response to the April 2002 geomagnetic storm from SABER infrared and GUVI ultraviolet limb data

The SABER instrument on TIMED continuously measures certain infrared limb radiance profiles with unprecedented sensitivity. Among these are emissions of CO₂ ν₃ at 4.3 μm, routinely recorded to tangent heights of ~140-150 km, and NO at 5.3 μm, seen to above ~200 km and ~300 km, respectively. We use these infrared channels of SABER and coincident far ultraviolet (FUV) measurements from GUVI on TIMED, to study the geometric storm of April 2002. These all give a consistent measure of auroral energy input into the lower thermosphere at high latitudes. Emission in yet another SABER channel, near 2.0 μm, correlates well with enhanced electron energy deposition. We also have, in the 5.3-μm emissions from the long-lived population of aurorally produced NO, a tracer of how this energy is transported equator-ward and released over an extended period of time, a few days. In this paper, we discuss the global patterns of energy deposition into the expanded auroral oval, its transport to lower latitudes, and its loss as revealed by the NO 5.3-μm emissions.

Winick, Jeremy; Mlynczak, Martin; Wintersteiner, Peter; Martin-Torres, Francisco; Picard, Richard; Paxton, L.; Lopez-Puertas, Manuel; Russell, James; Christensen, Andrew; Gordley, Larry;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 2004     DOI: 10.1117/12.515982

The natural thermostat of nitric oxide emission at 5.3 μm in the thermosphere observed during the solar storms of April 2002

The Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) experiment on the Thermosphere-Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED) satellite observed the infrared radiative response of the thermosphere to the solar storm events of April 2002. Large radiance enhancements were observed at 5.3 μm, which are due to emission from the vibration-rotation bands of nitric oxide (NO). The emission by NO is indicative of the conversion of solar energy to infrared radiation within the atmosphere and represents a \textquotedblleftnatural thermostat\textquotedblright by which heat and energy are efficiently lost from the thermosphere to space and to the lower atmosphere. We describe the SABER observations at 5.3 μm and their interpretation in terms of energy loss. The infrared enhancements remain only for a few days, indicating that such perturbations to the thermospheric state, while dramatic, are short-lived.

Mlynczak, Marty; Martin-Torres, F.; Russell, J.; Beaumont, K.; Jacobson, S.; Kozyra, J.; opez-Puertas, M.; Funke, B.; Mertens, C.; Gordley, L.; Picard, R.; Winick, J.; Wintersteiner, P.; Paxton, L.;

Published by: Geophysical Research Letters      Published on: 03/2003

YEAR: 2003     DOI: 10.1029/2003GL017693

TIMED instruments

Yee, Jeng-Hwa; Talaat, Elsayed; Christensen, Andrew; Killeen, Timothy; Russell, James; Woods, Thomas;

Published by: Johns Hopkins APL Technical Digest      Published on:

YEAR: 2003     DOI:

TIMED science: First light

Talaat, Elsayed; Yee, Jeng-Hwa; Christensen, Andrew; Killeen, Timothy; Russell, James; Woods, Thomas;

Published by: Johns Hopkins APL technical digest      Published on:

YEAR: 2003     DOI:

The natural thermostat of nitric oxide emission at 5.3 $\mu$m in the thermosphere observed during the solar storms of April 2002

Mlynczak, Marty; Martin-Torres, Javier; Russell, James; Beaumont, Ken; Jacobson, Steven; Kozyra, Janet; Lopez-Puertas, Manuel; Funke, Bernd; Mertens, Christopher; Gordley, Larry; , others;

Published by: Geophysical Research Letters      Published on:

YEAR: 2003     DOI:

Analysis of the energy input and loss in the thermosphere during the auroral events using SABER infrared limb emission and GUVI limb emission

, Winick; Mlynczak, MG; Wintersteiner, PP; Martin-Torres, F; Picard, RH; Paxton, L; Lopez-Puertas, M; Mertens, CJ; RUSSELL, JM; Christensen, A; , others;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 2003     DOI:

Analysis of the energy input and loss in the thermosphere during the April 2002 geomagnetic storm using SABER infrared limb emission and GUVI limb emission

Winick, J.; Mlynczak, M.; Wintersteiner, P.; Martin-Torres, F.-J.; Picard, R.; Paxton, L.; opez-Puertas, M.; Russell, J.; Christensen, A.; Gordley, L.;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 2003     DOI:

Energy Balance in the Sun-Earth System During the Solar Storm Events of April 2002

Mlynczak, MG; Paxton, L; Kozyra, J; Woods, T; Zurbuchen, T; Lu, G; Lopez-Puertas, M; Martin-Torres, FJ; RUSSELL, JM; Crowley, G; , others;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 2002     DOI:

Analysis of the April 2002 Geomagnetic Storm Effect on Global CO 2 Infrared Limb Emission as Observed by TIMED/SABER.

, Winick; Wintersteiner, PP; Picard, RH; Paxton, L; opez-Puertas, M; Mlynczak, MG; RUSSELL, JM; Christensen, A; Zhang, Y; Gordley, L;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 2002     DOI: