Bibliography

TIME after TIMED-A perspective on Thermosphere-Ionosphere Mesosphere science and future observational needs after the TIMED mission epoch

Mlynczak, Martin; , Russell; Hunt, Linda; Christensen, Andrew; Paxton, Larry; Woods, Thomas; Niciejewski, Richard; Yee, Jeng-Hwa;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 2016     DOI:

Spatial and Temporal Variability of Atomic Oxygen in The Mesosphere And Lower Thermosphere

Yee, Jeng-Hwa; , Russell; Mlynczak, Martin; Christensen, Andrew; Paxton, Larry; Zhang, Yongliang; Skinner, Wilbert; Woods, Thomas;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 2016     DOI:

Analysis of TIMED/GUVI Dayglow Utraviolet Oxygen Images

Christensen, Andrew; Crowley, Geoff; Meier, Robert;

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YEAR: 2016     DOI:

A new technique for remote sensing of O ₂ density from 140 to 180 km

Observations of molecular oxygen are difficult to make in the Earth\textquoterights atmosphere between 140 and 200 km altitude. Perhaps the most accurate measurements to date have been obtained from satellite instruments that measure solar occultations of the limb. These do provide height-resolved O₂ density measurements, but the nature of this technique is such that the temporal/spatial distribution of the measurements is uneven. Here a new space-based technique is described that utilizes two bright dayglow emissions, the (0,0) transition of the O₂ atmospheric band and the O I (630 nm), to derive the height-resolved O₂ density from 140 to 180 km. Data from the Remote Atmospheric and Ionospheric Detection System, which was placed on the International Space Station in late 2009, are used to illustrate this technique. The O₂ density results for periods in May 2010 that were geomagnetically quiet and disturbed are compared to model predictions.

Hecht, James; Christensen, Andrew; Yee, Jeng-Hwa; Crowley, Geoff; Bishop, Rebeeca; Budzien, Scott; Stephan, Andrew; Evans, Scott;

Published by: Geophysical Research Letters      Published on: 01/2015

YEAR: 2015     DOI: 10.1002/2014GL062355

composition; technique; thermosphere

Remote sensing of Earth's limb by TIMED/GUVI: Retrieval of thermospheric composition and temperature

The Global Ultraviolet Imager (GUVI) onboard the Thermosphere-Ionosphere-Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED) satellite senses far ultraviolet emissions from O and N₂ in the thermosphere. Transformation of far ultraviolet radiances measured on the Earth limb into O, N₂, and O₂ number densities and temperature quantifies these responses and demonstrates the value of simultaneous altitude and geographic information. Composition and temperature variations are available from 2002 to 2007. This paper documents the extraction of these data products from the limb emission rates. We present the characteristics of the GUVI limb observations, retrievals of thermospheric neutral composition and temperature from the forward model, and the dramatic changes of the thermosphere with the solar cycle and geomagnetic activity. We examine the solar extreme ultraviolet (EUV) irradiance magnitude and trends through comparison with simultaneous Solar Extreme EUV (SEE) measurements on TIMED and find the EUV irradiance inferred from GUVI averaged (2002\textendash2007) 30\% lower magnitude than SEE version 11 and varied less with solar activity. The smaller GUVI variability is not consistent with the view that lower solar EUV radiation during the past solar minimum is the cause of historically low thermospheric mass densities. Thermospheric O and N₂ densities are lower than the NRLMSISE-00 model, but O₂ is consistent. We list some lessons learned from the GUVI program along with several unresolved issues.

Meier, R.; Picone, J.; Drob, D.; Bishop, J.; Emmert, J.; Lean, J.; Stephan, A.; Strickland, D.; Christensen, A.; Paxton, L.; Morrison, D.; Kil, H.; Wolven, B.; Woods, Thomas; Crowley, G.; Gibson, S.;

Published by: Earth and Space Science      Published on: 01/2015

YEAR: 2015     DOI: 10.1002/2014EA000035

airglow and aurora; remote sensing; thermosphere: composition and chemistry; thermosphere: energy deposition

A new technique for remote sensing of O2 density from 140 to 180 km

Hecht, James; Christensen, Andrew; Yee, Jeng-Hwa; Crowley, Geoff; Bishop, Rebeeca; Budzien, Scott; Stephan, Andrew; Evans, Scott;

Published by: Geophysical Research Letters      Published on:

YEAR: 2015     DOI:

The quiet nighttime low-latitude ionosphere as observed by TIMED/GUVI

In this paper, we examine the nighttime ionosphere climatology structure in the low latitude region and discrepancies between Global Ultraviolet Imager (GUVI) observations and the IRI model predictions using (1) the magnetic zonal mean of electron number density as a function of altitude and magnetic latitude, (2) vertical electron density profiles at various levels of F10.7 index, (3) nighttime descent and magnitude decrease of the ionosphere, (4) point-to-point comparisons of F-peak height (hmF2) and density (NmF2), and (5) the magnetic longitudinal variations of hmF2 and NmF2. The data collected from the Thermosphere, Ionosphere, Mesosphere, Energetics, and Dynamics (TIMED) mission since its launch in December 2001 have provided great opportunities for many scientific investigations of the ionosphere. In this analysis, we investigate the climatology of the nighttime low-latitude ionosphere under low geomagnetic activity (kp\ ⩽\ 4) using the electron density profiles inferred from the airglow measurements obtained by the GUVI aboard the TIMED spacecraft and compared with the results obtained from IRI (International Reference Ionosphere) model-2001. The observed climatology is an essential tool for further understanding the electrodynamics in the low-latitude region and improving the model\textquoterights prediction capability. The time range of the GUVI data used in this study is from 2002 (day 053) to 2006 (day 304), and the IRI model predictions were produced at every GUVI location. The ionosphere observed is generally of greater density than what IRI predicts throughout the night for all four seasons for low and moderate solar activity while the model over-predicts the electron density near the F-region peak at high solar activity before midnight. Observations show that the height of the F-region peak has a steep descent from dusk to midnight and near midnight the height of layer is insensitive to solar conditions, significantly different than what is predicted by IRI. Longitudinal features shown in GUVI data are present in the low-latitude ionosphere after sunset and continue through to midnight after which the low-latitude ionosphere is largely zonally symmetric.

Talaat, E.R.; Yee, J.-H.; Hsieh, S.-Y.; Paxton, L.J.; DeMajistre, R.; Christensen, A.B.; Bilitza, D.;

Published by: Advances in Space Research      Published on: 02/2013

YEAR: 2013     DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2012.11.012

Electron density; GUVI; Ionosphere; IRI; TIMED

Rapid, highly structured meridional winds and their modulation by non migrating tides: Measurements from the Streak mission

[1]\ Measurements of the Earth\textquoterights low latitude thermosphere returned by the ionization gauge on the Streak mission are reported and discussed. The measurements are of the amount of gas rammed into the sensor by its passage through the thermospheric medium. They were obtained in the dusk sector in the altitude range 130\textendash330 km and are shown to be strongly structured by the geomagnetic field. Similarities to the structure of the equatorial ionization anomaly are discussed. The structure is interpreted as being due to rapid (several hundred meters per second) meridional winds having an antisymmetric pattern with respect to the geomagnetic equator. The measurements are interpreted in light of results from other missions and are shown to fit well with ideas based on complementary measurements from the Dynamics Explorer 2 mission discussed as the Equatorial Temperature and Wind Anomaly. Several features of these winds are described and discussed, including their altitude dependence, how they form convection cells that extend to high latitude, and how the wind amplitudes vary with geographic longitude with an apparent wavenumber one variation. The latter characteristic is shown to be consistent with being the signature of tidal variations observed by others. Approximate calculations utilizing published values for the pertinent parameters are used to show that heating from the dissipation due to ion drag within the ionospheric F region is a dominant driver of the inferred winds.

Clemmons, J.; Walterscheid, R.; Christensen, A.; Bishop, R.;

Published by: Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics      Published on: 02/2013

YEAR: 2013     DOI: 10.1029/2012JA017661

A study of space shuttle plumes in the lower thermosphere

Meier, R.; Stevens, Michael; Plane, John; Emmert, J.; Crowley, G.; Azeem, I.; Paxton, L.; Christensen, A.;

Published by: Journal of Geophysical Research      Published on: Jan-01-2011

YEAR: 2011     DOI: 10.1029/2011JA016987

Remote Sensing of lower thermospheric temperature and composition based on observations of O2 Atmospheric band emission.

Christensen, AB; Yee, J; Budzien, SA; Bishop, RL; Hecht, JH; Stephan, AW; Crowley, G;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 2011     DOI:

Ten Years of GUVI Data: The Updated GUVI Far UV Data Archive

Wolven, B; Schaefer, R; Paxton, L; Holland, D; Zhang, Y; Christensen, A;

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YEAR: 2011     DOI:

Can molecular diffusion explain Space Shuttle plume spreading?

Meier, R.; Plane, John; Stevens, Michael; Paxton, L.; Christensen, A.; Crowley, G.;

Published by: Geophysical Research Letters      Published on: Jan-04-2010

YEAR: 2010     DOI: 10.1029/2010GL042868

Dynamical Properties of Shuttle Plumes in the Lower Thermosphere

Meier, RR; Stevens, MH; Plane, JM; Emmert, JT; Crowley, G; Paxton, LJ; Christensen, AB; Azeem, SI;

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YEAR: 2010     DOI:

A Statistical Nighttime Analysis of the Equatorial Ionization Anomaly

Suresh, P; Swenson, C; Christensen, AB;

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YEAR: 2010     DOI:

Behavior of the Ionosphere and Thermosphere at Solar Minimum: Data and Model Comparisons and Analysis

Paxton, LJ; Zhang, Y; Kil, H; Schaefer, RK; Comberiate, J; Christensen, AB;

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YEAR: 2009     DOI:

The Remote Atmospheric and Ionospheric Detection System on the ISS: Sensor performance and space weather applications from the extreme to the near ultraviolet

Stephan, Andrew; Budzien, Scott; Bishop, Rebecca; Straus, Paul; Christensen, Andrew; Hecht, James; Van Epps, Zachary;

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YEAR: 2009     DOI:

Global Ultra-Violet Ionosphere-Thermosphere Observatory (GUVITO)

Curtis, N; Crowley, G; Christensen, AB; Paxton, LJ; Robichaud, J; Barry, MA; Bust, GS;

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YEAR: 2009     DOI:

Near Infrared Spectroscopy and Photometry of the Thermosphere from the RAIDS Experiment on the International Space Station

Christensen, AB; Bishop, RL; Budzien, SA; Hecht, JH; Stephan, AW; Straus, PR; van Epps, Z;

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YEAR: 2009     DOI:

Periodic modulations in thermospheric composition by solar wind high speed streams

Crowley, G.; Reynolds, A.; Thayer, J.; Lei, J.; Paxton, L.; Christensen, A.; Zhang, Y.; Meier, R.; Strickland, D.;

Published by: Geophysical Research Letters      Published on: Jan-01-2008

YEAR: 2008     DOI: 10.1029/2008GL035745

GUVI observations of the ionosphere during the declining phase of the solar cycle

Paxton, LJ; Comberiate, J; Zhang, Y; Kil, H; Christensen, A;

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YEAR: 2008     DOI:

Aeronomy science based on NASA TIMED/GUVI ultraviolet images of the Earth

Christensen, Andrew; Craven, John; Crowley, Geoff; Meier, Robert; Paxton, Larry;

Published by: 37th COSPAR Scientific Assembly      Published on:

YEAR: 2008     DOI:

Lower Atmosphere Wave Effects on Ionospheric Variability

Talaat, Elsayed; Yee, Jeng-Hwa; Paxton, Larry; DeMajistre, Robert; Christensen, Andrew; Mlynczak, MG; , Russell; Zhu, Xun; Sotirelis, Thomas; Kil, Hyosub;

Published by: 37th COSPAR Scientific Assembly      Published on:

YEAR: 2008     DOI:

Features of annual and semiannual variations derived from the global ionospheric maps of total electron content

Zhao, B; Wan, W; Liu, L; Mao, T; Ren, Z; Wang, M; Christensen, AB;

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YEAR: 2008     DOI:

Observations of the Day to Night transition of Equatorial Ionization Anomaly

Swenson, CM; Burr, S; Shankar, J; Paxton, L; Christensen, A;

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YEAR: 2008     DOI:

Constraining and validating the Oct/Nov 2003 X-class EUV flare enhancements with observations of FUV dayglow and E -region electron densities

Strickland, D.; Lean, J.; Daniell, R.; Knight, H.; Woo, W.; Meier, R.; Straus, P.; Woods, T.; Eparvier, F.; McMullin, D.; Christensen, A.; Morrison, D.; Paxton, L.;

Published by: Journal of Geophysical Research      Published on: Jan-01-2007

YEAR: 2007     DOI: 10.1029/2006JA012074

Features of annual and semiannual variations derived from the global ionospheric maps of total electron content

Zhao, B.; Wan, W.; Liu, L.; Mao, T.; Ren, Z.; Wang, M.; Christensen, A.;

Published by: Annales Geophysicae      Published on: Jan-01-2007

YEAR: 2007     DOI: 10.5194/angeo-25-2513-2007

The Response of the Thermosphere and Ionosphere to Magnetospheric Inputs as Determined from LEO UV Remote Sensing Measurements-Model/Data Comparisons

Paxton, LJ; Zhang, Y; Ridley, A; Christensen, A; DeMajistre, R; Schaefer, R; Morrison, D;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 2007     DOI:

GUVI limb observations of the Equatorial Ionization Anomaly

Shankar, Jaya; Burr, Steve; Swenson, C; Christensen, Andy; Paxton, L; Moon, T;

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YEAR: 2007     DOI:

Thermospheric O/N2 in the Sunlit Disk From More Than Five Years of GUVI/TIMED Observations

Craven, JD; Christensen, AB; Paxton, LJ;

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YEAR: 2007     DOI:

Inter-annual and long-term variations observed in the ITM system

Talaat, ER; Yee, J; Ruohoniemi, JM; Zhu, X; DeMajistre, R; Russell, J; Mlynczak, M; Paxton, L; Christensen, A;

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YEAR: 2007     DOI:

The low-latitude ionosphere as observed by TIMED/GUVI and TOPEX/Jason and comparisons with the IRI model

Hsieh, SW; Talaat, ER; Bilitza, D; DeMajistre, R; Paxton, L; Christensen, A; Yee, J;

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YEAR: 2007     DOI:

Global thermosphere-ionosphere response to onset of 20 November 2003 magnetic storm

Crowley, G.; Hackert, C.; Meier, R.; Strickland, D.; Paxton, L.; Pi, X.; Mannucci, A.; Christensen, A.; Morrison, D.; Bust, G.; Roble, R.; Curtis, N.; Wene, G.;

Published by: Journal of Geophysical Research      Published on: Jan-01-2006

YEAR: 2006     DOI: 10.1029/2005JA011518

TIMED Contributions to Mesosphere, Lower Thermosphere, and Ionosphere Science-A10S16 Thermospheric density 2002-2004: TIMED/GUVI dayside limb observations and satellite drag

Emmert, JT; Meier, RR; Picone, JM; Lean, JL; Christensen, AB;

Published by: Journal of Geophysical Research      Published on:

YEAR: 2006     DOI: 10.1029/2005JA011495

Seasonal patterns in exospheric temperature: TIMED/GUVI versus NRLMSIS

Stephan, AW; Meier, RR; Christensen, AB; Paxton, LJ;

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YEAR: 2006     DOI:

Thermospheric O/N2 ratio observations obtained over more than four years with the GUVI instrument in the TIMED spacecraft mission

Craven, JD; Christensen, AB; Paxton, LJ; Strickland, DJ;

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YEAR: 2006     DOI:

Observing the Coupled Ionosphere-Thermosphere System: From Solar Maximum to Solar Minimum and Beyond

Paxton, L; Morrison, D; Zhang, Y; Kil, H; Wolven, B; Comberiate, J; Meng, C; Kozyra, J; Christensen, A;

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YEAR: 2006     DOI:

Analyses of solar activity effects on the low-latitude ionosphere

Wolven, BC; Talaat, ER; Yee, J; DeMajistre, R; Paxton, LJ; Christensen, A; Sotirelis, T; Smith, DC; Bilitza, D; Azeem, I;

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YEAR: 2006     DOI:

GUVI Observations of Thermosphere/Ionosphere Coupling

Paxton, L; Zhang, Y; Kil, H; Morrison, D; Wolven, B; Meng, C; Christensen, A;

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YEAR: 2006     DOI:

The effects of solar activity on the low-latitude ionosphere as observed from space

Talaat, ER; Yee, J-H; DeMajistre, R; Paxton, LJ; Christensen, A; Sotirelis, T; Smith, DC; Bilitza, D;

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YEAR: 2006     DOI:

Thermospheric density 2002–2004: TIMED/GUVI dayside limb observations and satellite drag

We use TIMED/GUVI dayside limb observations of thermospheric far ultraviolet (FUV) dayglow to infer height profiles of total mass density during the period 2002–2004. We compare these data with total mass density derived from drag-induced changes in the orbits of satellites with perigee heights ranging from 200 to 600 km. To accommodate sampling differences, we compute the ratio of observed total mass density, filtered on a 3-day timescale, to that predicted by the NRLMSISE-00 empirical model. The GUVI densities are in good agreement with the orbit-derived densities in the 300–500 km range, where the correlation of the two independent measurements is ∼0.68 and the relative bias is less than 5\%, which is within the absolute uncertainty of the drag results. Of interest is a prolonged depletion of upper thermospheric density (relative to NRLMSIS) during July 2002, when densities from both techniques were 20–35\% smaller than those predicted by NRLMSIS. Our results represent the first validation of absolute densities derived from FUV limb scanning.

Emmert, JT; Meier, RR; Picone, JM; Lean, JL; Christensen, AB;

Published by: Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics      Published on:

YEAR: 2006     DOI: https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JA011495

Comparison of Conductances derived from IDA3D and TIMEGCM with GUVI

Reynolds, AS; Crowley, GW; Bust, GS; Paxton, L; Christensen, A; Secan, J; Smith, R;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 2006     DOI:

Comparison of GUVI 135.6 nm OI radiance observations with outputs from global atmospheric models

Shankar, Jaya; Swenson, CM; Crowley, G; Coakley, H; Moon, TK; Paxton, LJ; Christensen, AB;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 2006     DOI:

Effect of 27-day Solar Rotation on Thermospheric Density and Composition

Crowley, G; Meier, B; Tapley, B; Bettadpur, S; Cheng, M; Ries, J; Abusali, P; Paxton, L; Christensen, A;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 2006     DOI:

Lower Atmosphere Effects on Thermospheric and Ionospheric Variability

Talaat, ER; Yee, J; Paxton, L; DeMajistre, R; Christensen, A; Russell, J; Mlynczak, M; Zhu, X; Sotirelis, T; Smith, D;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 2006     DOI:

Thermospheric density 2002—2004: TIMED/GUVI dayside limb observations and satellite drag

Emmert, JT; Meier, RR; Picone, JM; Lean, JL; Christensen, AB;

Published by: Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics      Published on:

YEAR: 2006     DOI:

Morphology of the equatorial anomaly and equatorial plasma bubbles using image subspace analysis of Global Ultraviolet Imager data

Henderson, S.; Swenson, C.; Christensen, A.; Paxton, L.;

Published by: Journal of Geophysical Research      Published on: Jan-01-2005

YEAR: 2005     DOI: 10.1029/2005JA011080

First look at the 20 November 2003 superstorm with TIMED/GUVI: Comparisons with a thermospheric global circulation model

The NASA TIMED/GUVI experiment obtained unprecedented far ultraviolet images of thermospheric composition and temperature during the intense geomagnetic storm on 20\textendash21 November 2003. Geographic maps of the atomic oxygen to molecular nitrogen column density ratio show severe depletions that extend to the equator near the peak of the storm. This ratio is a key indicator of how the thermospheric composition is disrupted at high latitudes and how the perturbed air moves globally as a result of dynamical forcing. For example, migrating regions of low oxygen-to-nitrogen air are invariably found to correlate with high thermospheric temperatures. As well, GUVI obtained altitudinal-latitudinal (limb) images of temperature and composition, which show how the disturbances vary at different heights. The ASPEN thermospheric global circulation model was used to test our understanding of these remarkable images. The resulting simulations of thermospheric response show good agreement with GUVI data prior to the peak of the storm on 20 November. During the peak and recovery phases, serious discrepancies between data and model are seen. Although this initial attempt to model the storm is encouraging, much more detailed analysis is required, especially of the high-latitude inputs. The GUVI images demonstrate that far ultraviolet imaging is becoming a crucial component of space weather research and development.

Meier, R.; Crowley, G.; Strickland, D.; Christensen, A.; Paxton, L.; Morrison, D.; Hackert, C.;

Published by: Journal of Geophysical Research      Published on: 09/2005

YEAR: 2005     DOI: 10.1029/2004JA010990

dayglow; geomagnetic storm; GUVI; remote sensing; thermospheric composition; TIMED

Undulations on the equatorward edge of the diffuse proton aurora: TIMED/GUVI observations

Undulations on the equatorward edge of the diffuse proton aurora have been identified by using TIMED/GUVI auroral images in the far ultraviolet wavelengths. While undulations have been previously reported on the duskside (Lui et al., 1982), GUVI observations show the undulation also occurs in the dayside, nightside, and morningside. The GUVI proton auroral images provide direct optical evidence that the undulations occur in the proton aurora. It is also the first detection of the undulation in the dayside indicating strong convection shear in the region. The undulation in the nightside, a wavy structure in the whole diffuse proton aurora, is significantly different from those in the duskside and dayside. While almost all of the undulation events are observed during magnetic storms (Dst \< -60 nT), one exceptional case shows undulation in the dayside with Dst = 30 nT. However, the case is associated with a large solar wind speed (650 km/s) and a high dynamic pressure (14 nPa). Coincident DMSP SSIES observations suggest that both large ion drift velocity (\>1000 m/s) and strong velocity shear (\>0.1 s^-1) within the diffuse aurora oval are necessary conditions for the undulation to occur. The SSIES data also indicate the areas with large ion drift velocity and shear move to higher latitudes in the MLT sectors toward midnight. This may explain why the undulation is rarely detected in the nightside.

Zhang, Y.; Paxton, L.; Morrison, D.; T. Y. Lui, A.; Kil, H.; Wolven, B.; Meng, C.-I.; Christensen, A.;

Published by: Journal of Geophysical Research      Published on: 09/2005

YEAR: 2005     DOI: 10.1029/2004JA010668

auroral undulation; K-H instability; Magnetic storm; plasma convection

Remote Sensing Observations of Thermospheric Composition Changes: Disk and Limb Observations and Interpretation

Paxton, LJ; Zhang, Y; Meier, R; Strickland, D; Christensen, A; Crowley, G; Kozyra, J;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 2005     DOI:

Day Side Observations of the Equatorial Anomaly

Coakley, H; Swenson, CM; Moon, T; Meier, RR; Paxton, L; Christensen, A;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 2005     DOI: