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Found 117 entries in the Bibliography.

Showing entries from 1 through 50

2022

Neutral composition information in ICON EUV dayglow observations

Since the earliest space‐based observations of Earth s atmosphere, ultraviolet (UV) airglow has proven a useful resource for remote sensing of the ionosphere and thermosphere. The

Tuminello, Richard; England, Scott; Sirk, Martin; Meier, Robert; Stephan, Andrew; Korpela, Eric; Immel, Thomas; Mende, Stephen; Frey, Harald;

Published by: Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics Published on:

YEAR: 2022 DOI: 10.1029/2022JA030592

2021

The Thermospheric Column O/N2 Ratio

More than 2 decades ago, D. J. Strickland and colleagues proposed use of the O/N2 column number density ratio as a new geophysical quantity to interpret thermospheric processes recorded in far ultraviolet (FUV) images of the Earth. This concept has enabled multiple advances in understanding the global behavior of Earth s thermosphere. Nevertheless, confusion remains about the conceptual meaning of the column density ratio, and in the application of this integral quantity. This is so even though it is now a key thermospheric measurement made by current and planned far ultraviolet remote sensing missions in pursuit of new understanding of thermospheric processes and variability. The intent here is to review the historical context of the O/N2 column density ratio, clarify its physical meaning, and resolve misunderstandings evident in the literature. Simple examples elucidate its original derivation for extracting column O/N2 ratios from measurements of the OI 135.6 nm/N2 Lyman-Birge-Hopfield (LBH) emission based on an algorithmic synthesis of model precomputations. These are organized in the form of a table lookup of column density ratio as a function of observed radiance ratios. To accommodate generalized solar-geophysical and viewing conditions, the table required to specify the number of needed parameters becomes large. Proposed as an alternative is a simplified, first principles approach to obtaining the column density ratio from the emission ratio. This new methodology is now being applied successfully to FUV measurements made from onboard the Ionospheric CONnection satellite and will be applied retrospectively to the Global Ultraviolet Imager data.

Meier, R.;

Published by: Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics Published on:

YEAR: 2021 DOI: 10.1029/2020JA029059

disk algorithm; far UV remote sensing; GUVI; ICON; N2 LBH bands; Oxygen 135.6 nm

First Results From the Retrieved Column O/N2 Ratio From the Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON): Evidence of the Impacts of Nonmigrating Tides

In near-Earth space, variations in thermospheric composition have important implications for thermosphere-ionosphere coupling. The ratio of O to N2 is often measured using far-UV airglow observations. Taking such airglow observations from space, looking below the Earth s limb allows for the total column of O and N2 in the ionosphere to be determined. While these observations have enabled many previous studies, determining the impact of nonmigrating tides on thermospheric composition has proved difficult, owing to a small contamination of the signal by recombination of ionospheric O+. New ICON observations of far-UV are presented here, and their general characteristics are shown. Using these, along with other observations and a global circulation model, we show that during the morning hours and at latitudes away from the peak of the equatorial ionospheric anomaly, the impact of nonmigrating tides on thermospheric composition can be observed. During March–April 2020, the column O/N2 ratio was seen to vary by 3–4\% of the zonal mean. By comparing the amplitude of the variation observed with that in the model, both the utility of these observations and a pathway to enable future studies is shown.

England, Scott; Meier, R.; Frey, Harald; Mende, Stephen; Stephan, Andrew; Krier, Christopher; Cullens, Chihoko; Wu, Yen-Jung; Triplett, Colin; Sirk, Martin; Korpela, Eric; Harding, Brian; Englert, Christoph; Immel, Thomas;

Published by: Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics Published on:

YEAR: 2021 DOI: 10.1029/2021JA029575

airglow; atmospheric composition; Atmospheric tides; thermosphere

2019

Annual and Semiannual Oscillations of Thermospheric Composition in TIMED/GUVI Limb Measurements

The Global UltraViolet Imager (GUVI) onboard the Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED) satellite provides a data set of vertical thermospheric composition (O, N₂, and O₂ densities) and temperature profiles from 2002\textendash2007. Even though GUVI sampling is limited by orbital constraint, we demonstrated that the GUVI data set can be used to derive the altitude profiles of the amplitudes and phases of annual oscillation (AO) and semiannual oscillation (SAO), thereby providing important constraints on models seeking to explain these features. We performed a seasonal and interannual analysis of GUVI limb O, O₂, and N₂ densities and volume number density ratio O/N₂ at constant pressure levels. These daytime observations of O and O/N₂ in the lower thermosphere show a strong AO at midlatitudes and a clear SAO at lower latitudes. The global mean GUVI O/N₂ number density ratio shows the AO, with slightly larger values in January than in July and a SAO with O/N₂ greater during equinoxes than at the solstices. O and N₂ densities on fixed pressure levels in the upper thermosphere are anticorrelated with solar extreme ultraviolet flux. On the other hand, O/N₂ is smaller during solar minimum and larger during solar maximum. The thermospheric AO and SAO in composition have a constant phase with altitude throughout the thermosphere.

Yue, Jia; Jian, Yongxiao; Wang, Wenbin; Meier, R.R.; Burns, Alan; Qian, Liying; Jones, M.; Wu, Dong; Mlynczak, Martin;

Published by: Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics Published on: 04/2019

YEAR: 2019 DOI: 10.1029/2019JA026544

2018

Investigation of the Causes of the Longitudinal and Solar Cycle Variation of the Electron Density in the Bering Sea and Weddell Sea Anomalies

This paper investigates and quantifies the longitudinal, solar cyclical, and diurnal variation of the ionosphere peak electron density observed by six ionosondes located between 18 and 151\textdegreeE near 60\textdegreeN. Embedded within this region is the Bering Sea anomaly (BSA) where the midnight peak electron density exceeds the midday peak electron density in summer. The BSA is a region West of Alaska extending from approximately 100\textdegree to 200\textdegree east geographic longitude and 55\textdegree to 70\textdegree north geographic latitude at its widest. By comparing a physical model with ionosonde data from the 1970s and 1980s, it is found that longitudinal changes in the neutral winds and neutral densities are the most likely explanation for the electron density variation between 18 and 151\textdegreeE near 60\textdegreeN. Longitudinal differences in magnetic declination and inclination are small and have a negligible effect on the electron density behavior. Our definition of and the behavior of the BSA are analogous to the Weddell Sea anomaly (WSA), a region in the Southern Hemisphere where the midnight peak electron density also exceeds the midday peak electron density in summer. Although the overall BSA electron density is a factor of 2 smaller than that in the WSA, the two anomalies have similar midnight to midday electron density ratios. It is found that the BSA gets stronger with increasing solar activity, while the WSA gets weaker. It is also demonstrated that including vibrationally excited N₂ in an ionosphere model is crucial for producing the observed midnight to midday electron density ratios.

Richards, P.; Meier, R.; Chen, Shihping; Dandenault, P.;

Published by: Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics Published on: 08/2018

YEAR: 2018 DOI: 10.1029/2018JA025413

Daytime O/N2 Retrieval Algorithm for the Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON)

The NASA Ionospheric Connection Explorer Far-Ultraviolet spectrometer, ICON FUV, will measure altitude profiles of the daytime far-ultraviolet (FUV) OI 135.6 nm and N₂ Lyman-Birge-Hopfield (LBH) band emissions that are used to determine thermospheric density profiles and state parameters related to thermospheric composition; specifically the thermospheric column O/N₂ ratio (symbolized as ΣO/N₂). This paper describes the algorithm concept that has been adapted and updated from one previously applied with success to limb data from the Global Ultraviolet Imager (GUVI) on the NASA Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED) mission. We also describe the requirements that are imposed on the ICON FUV to measure ΣO/N₂ over any 500-km sample in daytime with a precision of better than 8.7\%. We present results from orbit-simulation testing that demonstrates that the ICON FUV and our thermospheric composition retrieval algorithm can meet these requirements and provide the measurements necessary to address ICON science objectives.

Stephan, Andrew; Meier, R.; England, Scott; Mende, Stephen; Frey, Harald; Immel, Thomas;

Published by: Space Science Reviews Published on: 01/2018

YEAR: 2018 DOI: 10.1007/s11214-018-0477-6

Seasonal Variation Analysis of Thermospheric Composition in TIMED/GUVI Limb Measurements

Knowledge of thermospheric variability is essential to the understanding and forecasting of ionospheric behavior and space weather. As well, thermospheric density variability is a vital ingredient for prediction of space objects orbital changes and the lifetime of spacecraft. The Global UltraViolet Imager (GUVI) onboard the Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED) satellite provides the first global dataset of thermosphere composition (O, N2 and O2 densities) and temperature vertical profiles from 2002-2007.

Yue, Jia; Meier, Robert; Jian, Yongxiao; Yee, Jeng-Hwa; Wu, Dong; Russell, James; Wang, Wenbin; Burns, Alan;

Published by: 2018 Triennial Earth-Sun Summit (TESS Published on:

YEAR: 2018 DOI:

Inferring nighttime ionospheric parameters with the far ultraviolet imager onboard the ionospheric connection explorer

The Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON) Far Ultraviolet (FUV) imager, ICON FUV, will measure altitude profiles of OI 135.6 nm emissions to infer nighttime ionospheric parameters.

Kamalabadi, Farzad; Qin, Jianqi; Harding, Brian; Iliou, Dimitrios; Makela, Jonathan; Meier, RR; England, Scott; Frey, Harald; Mende, Stephen; Immel, Thomas;

Published by: Space science reviews Published on:

YEAR: 2018 DOI:

2017

Investigation of the Causes of the Longitudinal Variation of the Electron Density in the Weddell Sea Anomaly

This paper investigates and quantifies the causes of the Weddell Sea Anomaly (WSA), a region near the tip of South America extending from approximately 30\textdegree to 120\textdegreeW geographic longitude and 50\textdegree to 75\textdegreeS geographic latitude at solar minimum between 2007 and 2010. This region is unusual because the midnight peak electron density exceeds the midday peak electron density in summer. This study is far more quantitative than previous studies because, unlike other models, it assimilates selected data parameters to constrain a physical model in order to investigate other aspects of the data. It is shown that the commonly accepted explanation that the WSA is related to the magnetic field declination and inclination effects on the neutral wind does not explain the longitudinal variation of the electron density. Rather, longitudinal changes in the neutral winds and neutral densities are the most likely explanation for the WSA. These longitudinal wind and density changes are attributed to the varying latitudinal distance from the auroral zone energy input. No contributions from the plasmasphere or other sources are required. Furthermore, it is shown that a widely used empirical thermosphere density model overestimates the longitudinal changes in the WSA region.

Richards, P.; Meier, R.; Chen, Shih-Ping; Drob, D.; Dandenault, P.;

Published by: Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics Published on: 05/2017

YEAR: 2017 DOI: 10.1002/2016JA023565

2016

Analysis of TIMED/GUVI Dayglow Utraviolet Oxygen Images

Christensen, Andrew; Crowley, Geoff; Meier, Robert;

Published by: Published on:

YEAR: 2016 DOI:

2015

Radiative transfer modeling of the OI 135.6~nm emission in the nighttime ionosphere

Remote sensing of the nighttime OI 135.6\ nm emissions has been a widely used method for measuring the\ F\ region ionospheric plasma densities. In this work, we first develop a comprehensive radiative transfer model from first principles to investigate the effects of different physical processes on the production and transport of the 135.6\ nm photons in the ionosphere and then propose a new approach for estimating electron densities from the nightglow. The forward modeling investigation indicates that under certain conditions mutual neutralization can contribute up to \~38\% of the total production of the nighttime 135.6\ nm emissions. Moreover, depending on the ionospheric conditions, resonant scattering by atomic oxygen and pure absorption by oxygen molecules can reduce the limb brightness observed by satellite-borne instruments by up to \~40\% while enhancing the brightness viewing in the nadir direction by typically \~25\%. Further analysis shows that without properly addressing these effects in the inversion process, the peak electron density in the\ F\ region (NmF2) obtained using limb observations can be overestimated by up to \~24\%. For accurate estimation of the ionospheric electron density, we develop a new type of inverse model that accounts for the effects of mutual neutralization, resonant scattering, and pure absorption. This inversion method requires the knowledge of O and O₂\ densities in order to solve the radiative transfer equations. Application of the inverse model to the nighttime ionosphere in the noiseless cases demonstrates that the electron density can be accurately quantified with only \~1\% error in NmF2 and hmF2.

Qin, Jianqi; Makela, Jonathan; Kamalabadi, Farzad; Meier, R.;

Published by: Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics Published on: 11/2015

YEAR: 2015 DOI: 10.1002/jgra.v120.1110.1002/2015JA021687

OI 135.6-nm Emission; onosphere; Radiative transfer; remote sensing

Remote sensing of Earth's limb by TIMED/GUVI: Retrieval of thermospheric composition and temperature

The Global Ultraviolet Imager (GUVI) onboard the Thermosphere-Ionosphere-Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED) satellite senses far ultraviolet emissions from O and N₂ in the thermosphere. Transformation of far ultraviolet radiances measured on the Earth limb into O, N₂, and O₂ number densities and temperature quantifies these responses and demonstrates the value of simultaneous altitude and geographic information. Composition and temperature variations are available from 2002 to 2007. This paper documents the extraction of these data products from the limb emission rates. We present the characteristics of the GUVI limb observations, retrievals of thermospheric neutral composition and temperature from the forward model, and the dramatic changes of the thermosphere with the solar cycle and geomagnetic activity. We examine the solar extreme ultraviolet (EUV) irradiance magnitude and trends through comparison with simultaneous Solar Extreme EUV (SEE) measurements on TIMED and find the EUV irradiance inferred from GUVI averaged (2002\textendash2007) 30\% lower magnitude than SEE version 11 and varied less with solar activity. The smaller GUVI variability is not consistent with the view that lower solar EUV radiation during the past solar minimum is the cause of historically low thermospheric mass densities. Thermospheric O and N₂ densities are lower than the NRLMSISE-00 model, but O₂ is consistent. We list some lessons learned from the GUVI program along with several unresolved issues.

Meier, R.; Picone, J.; Drob, D.; Bishop, J.; Emmert, J.; Lean, J.; Stephan, A.; Strickland, D.; Christensen, A.; Paxton, L.; Morrison, D.; Kil, H.; Wolven, B.; Woods, Thomas; Crowley, G.; Gibson, S.;

Published by: Earth and Space Science Published on: 01/2015

YEAR: 2015 DOI: 10.1002/2014EA000035

airglow and aurora; remote sensing; thermosphere: composition and chemistry; thermosphere: energy deposition

Radiative transfer modeling of the OI 135.6 nm emission in the nighttime ionosphere

Qin, Jianqi; Makela, Jonathan; Kamalabadi, Farzad; Meier, RR;

Published by: Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics Published on:

YEAR: 2015 DOI:

2014

Attribution of interminima changes in the global thermosphere and ionosphere

We present a statistical attribution analysis of the changes in global annual average thermospheric mass density and ionospheric total electron content (TEC) between the cycle 22/23 solar minimum (which occurred at epoch 1996.4) and the prolonged cycle 23/24 minimum (2008.8). The mass density data are derived from orbital drag, and the TEC data are derived from ground-based GPS receivers. The interminima change in mass density was -36\% relative to the 1996.4 yearly average. Considering each multiplicative forcing independently, lower average geomagnetic activity during the cycle 23/24 minimum produced an interminima density change of at least -14\%, solar extreme ultraviolet (EUV) irradiance forcing produced a density change of -1\% to -13\%, and changes in thermospheric CO₂concentration produced a density change of -5\%. There was essentially no interminima change in global TEC derived from ground-based GPS receivers or space-based altimeters, even though past behavior suggests that it should have changed -3\% (0.2 TEC units (1 TECU = 10¹⁶ el m^-2)) in response to lower geomagnetic activity and -1\% to -9\% (0.1\textendash0.8 TECU) in response to lower EUV irradiance. There is large uncertainty in the interminima change of solar EUV irradiance; the mass density and TEC data suggest a plausible range of 0\% to -6\%.

Emmert, J.; McDonald, S.; Drob, D.; Meier, R.; Lean, J.; Picone, J.;

Published by: Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics Published on: 08/2014

YEAR: 2014 DOI: 10.1002/2013JA019484

ionosphere total electron content; solar minimum; thermosphere mass density

Quasi two day wave-related variability in the background dynamics and composition of the mesosphere/thermosphere and the ionosphere

Dissipating planetary waves in the mesosphere/lower thermosphere (MLT) region may cause changes in the background dynamics of that region, subsequently driving variability throughout the broader thermosphere/ionosphere system via mixing due to the induced circulation changes. We report the results of case studies examining the possibility of such coupling during the northern winter in the context of the quasi two day wave (QTDW)\textemdasha planetary wave that recurrently grows to large amplitudes from the summer MLT during the postsolstice period. Six distinct QTDW events between 2003 and 2011 are identified in the MLT using Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry temperature observations. Concurrent changes to the background zonal winds, zonal mean column O/N₂ density ratio, and ionospheric total electron content (TEC) are examined using data sets from Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics Doppler Interferometer, Global Ultraviolet Imager, and Global Ionospheric Maps, respectively. We find that in the 5\textendash10 days following a QTDW event, the background zonal winds in the MLT show patterns of eastward and westward anomalies in the low and middle latitudes consistent with past modeling studies on QTDW-induced mean wind forcing, both below and at turbopause altitudes. This is accompanied by potentially related decreases in zonal mean thermospheric column O/N₂, as well as to low-latitude TECs. The recurrent nature of the above changes during the six QTDW events examined point to an avenue for vertical coupling via background dynamics and chemistry of the thermosphere/ionosphere not previously observed.

Chang, Loren; Yue, Jia; Wang, Wenbin; Wu, Qian; Meier, R.;

Published by: Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics Published on: 06/2014

YEAR: 2014 DOI: 10.1002/jgra.v119.610.1002/2014JA019936

composition; Ionosphere; mesosphere; quasi two day wave; thermosphere

Space shuttle exhaust plumes in the lower thermosphere: Advective transport and diffusive spreading

The space shuttle main engine plume deposited between 100 and 115\ km altitude is a valuable tracer for global-scale dynamical processes. Several studies have shown that this plume can reach the Arctic or Antarctic to form bursts of polar mesospheric clouds (PMCs) within a few days. The rapid transport of the shuttle plume is currently not reproduced by general circulation models and is not well understood. To help delineate the issues, we present the complete satellite datasets of shuttle plume observations by the Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry instrument and the Sub-Millimeter Radiometer instrument. From 2002 to 2011 these two instruments observed 27 shuttle plumes in over 600 limb scans of water vapor emission, from which we derive both advective meridional transport and diffusive spreading. Each plume is deposited at virtually the same place off the United States east coast so our results are relevant to northern mid-latitudes. We find that the advective transport for the first 6\textendash18\ h following deposition depends on the local time (LT) of launch: shuttle plumes deposited later in the day (~13\textendash22 LT) typically move south whereas they otherwise typically move north. For these younger plumes rapid transport is most favorable for launches at 6 and 18 LT, when the displacement is 10\textdegree in latitude corresponding to an average wind speed of 30\ m/s. For plumes between 18 and 30\ h old some show average sustained meridional speeds of 30\ m/s. For plumes between 30 and 54\ h old the observations suggest a seasonal dependence to the meridional transport, peaking near the beginning of year at 24\ m/s. The diffusive spreading of the plume superimposed on the transport is on average 23\ m/s in 24\ h. The plume observations show large variations in both meridional transport and diffusive spreading so that accurate modeling requires knowledge of the winds specific to each case. The combination of transport and spreading from the STS-118 plume in August 2007 formed bright PMCs between 75 and 85\textdegreeN a day after launch. These are the highest latitude Arctic PMCs formed by shuttle exhaust reported to date.

Stevens, Michael; Lossow, Stefan; Siskind, David; Meier, R.R.; Randall, Cora; Russell, James; Urban, Jo; Murtagh, Donal;

Published by: Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics Published on: 02/2014

YEAR: 2014 DOI: 10.1016/j.jastp.2013.12.004

Atmospheric dynamics; Lower thermosphere; Polar mesospheric clouds; Space shuttle exhaust

2013

On the fast zonal transport of the STS-121 space shuttle exhaust plume in the lower thermosphere

Meier et al. (2011) reported rapid eastward transport of the STS-121 space shuttle (launch: July 4, 2006) main engine plume in the lower thermosphere, observed in hydrogen Lyman α images by the GUVI instrument onboard the TIMED satellite. In order to study the mechanism of the rapid zonal transport, diagnostic tracer calculations are performed using winds from the Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Electrodynamics General Circulation Model (TIME-GCM) simulation of July, 2006. It is found that the strong eastward jet at heights of 100\textendash110\ km, where the exhaust plume was deposited, results in a persistent eastward tracer motion with an average velocity of 45\ m/s. This is generally consistent with, though faster than, the prevailing eastward shuttle plume movement with daily mean velocity of 30\ m/s deduced from the STS-121 GUVI observation. The quasi-two-day wave (QTDW) was not included in the numerical simulation because it was found not to be large. Its absence, however, might be partially responsible for insufficient meridional transport to move the tracers away from the fast jet in the simulation. The current study and our model results from Yue and Liu (2010) explain two very different shuttle plume transport scenarios (STS-121 and STS-107 (launch: January 16, 2003), respectively): we conclude that lower thermospheric dynamics is sufficient to account for both very fast zonal motion (zonal jet in the case of STS-121) and very fast meridional motion to polar regions (large QTDW in the case of STS-107).

Yue, Jia; Liu, Han-Li; Meier, R.R.; Chang, Loren; Gu, Sheng-Yang; , Russell;

Published by: Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics Published on: Jan-03-2013

YEAR: 2013 DOI: 10.1016/j.jastp.2012.12.017

Modeling; thermosphere; Transport; Wind jet

Theoretical tools for studies of low-frequency thermospheric variability

[1]\ This paper supports studies of low-frequency variability (LFV) within the thermosphere by deriving approximate integral and closed-form solutions of a nontrivial model of thermospheric temperature, density, and composition depending on altitude and time. We also provide a paradigm for applying dimensional analysis in such studies. The domain is the region between the mesopause and the exobase. The solutions emphasize the connectedness of the thermosphere, i.e., nonlocal influences of LFV in key physical parameters and phenomena. The present focus is seasonal variability, within which the origin of a sizable semiannual variation in the thermosphere remains under active investigation. Following from the thermodynamic differential equation for temperature is a filtered, integral solution consistent with the Π theorem of dimensional analysis. A key result is the explicit demonstration that lower thermospheric boundary conditions affect low-frequency variability throughout the thermosphere, making accurate boundary conditions essential to modeling LFV. In addition, LFV of the temperature varies inversely with variability of the net heating profile and has directly and inversely proportional contributions from variations in the thermal conductivity profile, which can include an \textquotedbllefteddy diffusivity\textquotedblright component. Given a temperature profile, diffusive equilibrium defines model composition. For rapid calculations and transparency, we develop an approximate, closed-form solution for temperature, density, and composition depending only on a minimal set of observable parameters, and from that, we demonstrate the essential role of the phase and amplitude profile of the temperature LFV in determining the corresponding profile of variability in composition and density.

Picone, J.; Meier, R.; Emmert, J.;

Published by: Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics Published on: 09/2013

YEAR: 2013 DOI: 10.1002/jgra.v118.910.1002/jgra.50472

dimensional analysis; low frequency variation; Pi Theorem; seasonal variation; semi-annual variation; thermospheric variability

Challenges and Opportunities for Advancing Ionosphere-Thermosphere Understanding through Remote Sensing from Space

Meier, RR;

Published by: Published on:

YEAR: 2013 DOI:

2012

Bright polar mesospheric clouds formed by main engine exhaust from the space shuttle's final launch

Stevens, Michael; Lossow, Stefan; Fiedler, Jens; Baumgarten, Gerd; übken, Franz-Josef; Hallgren, Kristofer; Hartogh, Paul; Randall, Cora; Lumpe, Jerry; Bailey, Scott; Niciejewski, R.; Meier, R.; Plane, John; Kochenash, Andrew; Murtagh, Donal; Englert, Christoph;

Published by: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres Published on: Apr-10-2013

YEAR: 2012 DOI: 10.1029/2012JD017638

Upper Atmospheric Density Retrievals from UVIS Dayglow Observations of Titan

Stevens, Michael; Evans, JS; Ajello, JM; Bradley, ET; Meier, RR; Westlake, JH; Waite, JH;

Published by: Published on:

YEAR: 2012 DOI:

SAMI3 Simulations of Ionospheric Variability from 1996 to 2011

McDonald, SE; Lean, J; Huba, JD; Emmert, JT; Drob, DP; Siefring, CL; Meier, RR; Picone, J;

Published by: Published on:

YEAR: 2012 DOI:

2011

Global and regional trends in ionospheric total electron content

Lean, J.; Emmert, J.; Picone, J.; Meier, R.;