Bibliography

First Look at a Geomagnetic Storm With Santa Maria Digisonde Data: F Region Responses and Comparisons Over the American Sector

Santa Maria Digisonde data are used for the first time to investigate the F region behavior during a geomagnetic storm. The August 25, 2018 storm is considered complex due to the incidence of two Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejections and a High-Speed Solar Wind Stream (HSS). The F 2 layer critical frequency (f o F 2) and its peak height (h m F 2) collected over Santa Maria, near the center of the South American Magnetic Anomaly (SAMA), are compared with data collected from Digisondes installed in the Northern (NH) and Southern (SH) Hemispheres in the American sector. The deviation of f o F 2 (Df o F 2) and h m F 2 (Dh m F 2) are used to quantify the ionospheric storm effects. Different F region responses were observed during the main phase (August 25–26), which is attributed to the traveling ionospheric disturbances and disturbed eastward electric field during nighttime. The F region responses became highly asymmetric between the NH and SH at the early recovery phase (RP, August 26) due to a combination of physical mechanisms. The observed asymmetries are interpreted as caused by modifications in the thermospheric composition and a rapid electrodynamic mechanism. The persistent enhanced thermospheric [O]/[N2] ratio observed from August 27 to 29 combined with the increased solar wind speed induced by the HSS and IMF B z fluctuations seem to be effective in causing the positive ionospheric storm effects and the shift of the Equatorial Ionization Anomaly crest to higher than typical latitudes. Consequently, the most dramatic positive ionospheric storm during the RP occurred over Santa Maria (∼120\%).

Moro, J.; Xu, J.; Denardini, C.; Resende, L.; Neto, P.; Da Silva, L.; Silva, R.; Chen, S.; Picanço, G.; Carmo, C.; Liu, Z.; Yan, C.; Wang, C.; Schuch, N.;

Published by: Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics      Published on:

YEAR: 2021     DOI: 10.1029/2020JA028663

Digisonde; Equatorial ionization anomaly; F-region; Ionospheric storm; SAMA; space weather

Reconstruction the Ionospheric Responses to the October-November 2003 Halloween Super Storm: A Data Assimilation Approach

Chang, Yu-Shan; Chen, Chia-Hung; Lin, Charles; Chu, Hung-Hsuan; Matsuo, Tomoko;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 2018     DOI:

Model simulations of ion and electron density profiles in ionospheric E and F regions

We develop a time‐dependent theoretical numerical model to simulate the density profiles of the ions (ie, O + ( 2 P), O + ( 2 D), N 2 + , O + ( 4 S), N + , O 2 + , and NO + ) and free

Lin, YC; Chu, YH;

Published by: Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics      Published on:

YEAR: 2017     DOI: 10.1002/2016JA022855

Analysis and design of the ultraviolet warning optical system based on interference imaging

Ultraviolet warning technology is one of the important methods for missile warning. It provides a very effective way to detect the target for missile approaching alarm. With the development of modern technology, especially the development of information technology at high speed, the ultraviolet early warning system plays an increasingly important role. Compared to infrared warning, the ultraviolet warning has high efficiency and low false alarm rate. In the modern warfare, how to detect the threats earlier, prevent and reduce the attack of precision-guided missile has become a new challenge of missile warning technology. Because the ultraviolet warning technology has high environmental adaptability, the low false alarm rate, small volume and other advantages, in the military field applications it has been developed rapidly. For the ultraviolet warning system, the optimal working waveband is 250 nm ~280 nm (Solar Blind UV) due to the strong absorption of ozone layer. According to current application demands for solar blind ultraviolet detection and warning, this paper proposes ultraviolet warning optical system based on interference imaging, which covers solar blind ultraviolet (250nm-280nm) and dual field. This structure includes a primary optical system, an ultraviolet reflector array, an ultraviolet imaging system and an ultraviolet interference imaging system. It makes use of an ultraviolet beam-splitter to achieve the separation of two optical systems. According to the detector and the corresponding application needs of two visual field of the optical system, the calculation and optical system design were completed. After the design, the MTF of the two optical system is more than 0.8@39lp/mm.A single pixel energy concentration is greater than 80\%.

Wencong, Wang; Jin, Dong-dong; Chu, Xin-bo; Shi, Yu-feng; Song, Juan; Liu, Jin-sheng; Shao, Si-pei; Hu, Hui-jun; Xiao, Ting;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 2017     DOI: 10.1117/12.2285832

Ionospheric effects of magnetospheric and thermospheric disturbances on March 17--19, 2015

Using vertical and oblique radio-sounding data, we analyze the ionospheric and thermospheric disturbances during the magnetic storm that occurred in northeastern Russia on March 17\textendash19, 2015. We consider the heliospheric sources that induced the magnetic storm. During the main and early recovery phases, the midlatitude stations are characterized by extremely low values of electron density at the F2 layer maximum. Using oblique sounding data, we recorded signals that propagated outside the great circle arc. In evening and night hours, no radio signals were found to pass along the Norilsk\textendashIrkutsk and Magadan\textendashIrkutsk paths. The observed ionospheric effects are shown to be caused by a sharp shift of the boundaries of the main ionospheric trough to the invariant latitude 46\textdegree N during the main phase of the magnetic storm. The negative ionospheric disturbance during the recovery phase of the storm, which was associated with significant variations in the composition of the neutral atmosphere, led to a change in the mode composition of received radio signals and a decline in observed maximal frequencies in daytime hours of March 18, 2015 by more than 2 times.

Polekh, N.; Zolotukhina, N.; Romanova, E.; Ponomarchuk, S.; Kurkin, V.; Podlesnyi, A.;

Published by: Geomagnetism and Aeronomy      Published on: 09/2016

YEAR: 2016     DOI: 10.1134/S0016793216040174

Ionospheric F2 layer responses to total solar eclipses at low and mid-latitude

In this article, we presented ionospheric F2 responses to total solar eclipses on the basis of the data obtained from five (5) equatorial/low-latitude and twenty-seven (27) mid-latitude ionosonde stations, which are within the obscuration percentage of 50\textendash100\% of the path of the total solar eclipses progression. Statistically, the diurnal changes in the F2 layer peak height hmF2 and electron density NmF2, as well as the latitudinal and hemispheric dependence and the contribution of both magnetic and solar activities during the eclipse window were investigated. The estimation of the solar ionizing radiation that remains unmasked during the eclipse window was as well carried out. Plasma diffusion processes dominate the F2 region plasma, and determine the height at which the F2 peak formed at mid-latitude. The electron density decreased during the eclipse window, closely following the variation in the local solar radiation at the mid-latitude. However, at equatorial/low-latitude, the plasma distribution during total solar eclipse depends on combine effect of solar radiation and the background nighttime ionospheric irregularities mechanism. The uncertainty level of the estimated solar ionizing radiation was \<\textpm0.3 at mid-latitude and greater\textpm0.3 at equatorial/low-latitude. Their correlation ranges from (0.42\textendash0.99). The ionospheric\ F2 layer eclipse effect is latitudinal and hemispheric dependent. The effect is largest at mid-latitude and relatively small at equatorial/low-latitudes. It is more pronounced at the equator, and decreases toward the equatorial ionospheric anomaly (EIA) region. The better correlation of 0.5840 and 0.6435 between geographic latitude and\ E(t) and electron density justifies the latitudinal relationship. The increase in percentage deviation of electron density increases with latitude and delay time (∆T) in the northern hemisphere of the mid-latitude. Conversely, in the southern hemisphere the percentage deviation decreases with an increase in ∆T\ and the latitude. The influence of the combined effect of solar activity and magnetic disturbances cannot the overlooked during total solar eclipse. At the eclipse shadow, the deviation increases with decreasing magnetic disturbances and solar activity. During magnetic quiet conditions the variation in maximum NmF2/hmF2 on the eclipse day are more decrease/increase than the control day and overturned during the magnetic disturbed condition.

Adekoya, B.J.; Chukwuma, V.U.;

Published by: Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics      Published on: 02/2016

YEAR: 2016     DOI: 10.1016/j.jastp.2016.01.006

Equatorial/low-latitude; Hemisphere; mid-latitude; NmF2 and hmF2; Solar ionizing radiation

Ionospheric effects of magnetospheric and thermospheric disturbances on March 17—19, 2015

Using vertical and oblique radio-sounding data, we analyze the ionospheric and thermospheric disturbances during the magnetic storm that occurred in northeastern Russia on March

Polekh, NM; Zolotukhina, NA; Romanova, EB; Ponomarchuk, SN; Kurkin, VI; Podlesnyi, AV;

Published by: Geomagnetism and Aeronomy      Published on:

YEAR: 2016     DOI:

Meteor radar wind over Chung-Li (24.9 N, 121 E), Taiwan, for the period 10--25 November 2012 which includes Leonid meteor shower: Comparison with empirical model and satellite measurements

The neutral winds in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) region are measured by a newly installed meteor trail detection system (or meteor radar) at Chung-Li, Taiwan, for the period 10\textendash25 November 2012, which includes the Leonid meteor shower period. In this study, we use the 3 m field-aligned plasma irregularities in the sporadic E (E_s) region in combination with the International Geomagnetic Reference Field model to calibrate the system phase biases such that the true positions of the meteor trails can be correctly determined with interferometry technique. The horizontal wind velocities estimated from the radial velocities of the meteor trails and their locations by using a least squares method show that the diurnal tide dominates the variation of the MLT neutral wind with time over Chung-Li, which is in good agreement with the horizontal wind model (HWM07) prediction. However, harmonic analysis reveals that the amplitudes of the mean wind, diurnal, and semidiurnal tides of the radar-measured winds in height range 82\textendash100 km are systematically larger than those of the model-predicted winds by up to a factor of 3. A comparison shows that the overall pattern of the height-local time distribution of the composite radar-measured meteor wind is, in general, consistent with that of the TIMED Doppler Interferometer-observed wind, which is dominated by a diurnal oscillation with downward phase progression at a rate of about 1.3 km/h. The occurrences of the E_s layers retrieved from fluctuations of the amplitude and excess phase of the GPS signal received by the FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC satellites during the GPS radio occultation (RO) process are compared with the shear zones of the radar-measured meteor wind and HWM07 wind. The result shows that almost all of the RO-retrieved E_s layers occur within the wind shear zones that favor the E_s layer formation based on the wind shear theory, suggesting that the primary physical process responsible for the E_s layer events retrieved from the scintillations of the GPS RO signal is very likely the plasma convergence effect of the neutral wind shear.

Su, C.; Chen, H.; Chu, Y.; Chung, M.; Kuong, R.; Lin, T.; Tzeng, K.; Wang, C; Wu, K.; Yang, K.;

Published by: Radio Science      Published on: 08/2014

YEAR: 2014     DOI: 10.1002/2013RS005273

HWM07; radar meteor wind; tide

Meteor radar wind over Chung-Li (24.9 N, 121 E), Taiwan, for the period 10--25 November 2012 which includes Leonid meteor shower: Comparison with empirical model and satellite measurements

The neutral winds in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) region are measured by a newly installed meteor trail detection system (or meteor radar) at Chung-Li, Taiwan, for the period 10\textendash25 November 2012, which includes the Leonid meteor shower period. In this study, we use the 3 m field-aligned plasma irregularities in the sporadic E (E_s) region in combination with the International Geomagnetic Reference Field model to calibrate the system phase biases such that the true positions of the meteor trails can be correctly determined with interferometry technique. The horizontal wind velocities estimated from the radial velocities of the meteor trails and their locations by using a least squares method show that the diurnal tide dominates the variation of the MLT neutral wind with time over Chung-Li, which is in good agreement with the horizontal wind model (HWM07) prediction. However, harmonic analysis reveals that the amplitudes of the mean wind, diurnal, and semidiurnal tides of the radar-measured winds in height range 82\textendash100 km are systematically larger than those of the model-predicted winds by up to a factor of 3. A comparison shows that the overall pattern of the height-local time distribution of the composite radar-measured meteor wind is, in general, consistent with that of the TIMED Doppler Interferometer-observed wind, which is dominated by a diurnal oscillation with downward phase progression at a rate of about 1.3 km/h. The occurrences of the E_s layers retrieved from fluctuations of the amplitude and excess phase of the GPS signal received by the FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC satellites during the GPS radio occultation (RO) process are compared with the shear zones of the radar-measured meteor wind and HWM07 wind. The result shows that almost all of the RO-retrieved E_s layers occur within the wind shear zones that favor the E_s layer formation based on the wind shear theory, suggesting that the primary physical process responsible for the E_s layer events retrieved from the scintillations of the GPS RO signal is very likely the plasma convergence effect of the neutral wind shear.

Su, C.; Chen, H.; Chu, Y.; Chung, M.; Kuong, R.; Lin, T.; Tzeng, K.; Wang, C; Wu, K.; Yang, K.;

Published by: Radio Science      Published on: 08/2014

YEAR: 2014     DOI: 10.1002/2013RS005273

HWM07; radar meteor wind; tide

Methodological particularities of creating of remote mapping diagnostical system of ionospheric characteristics from the different orbits of three perspective Russian satellites

Kuzmin, AK; Merzlyi, AM; Shadrin, DG; Yu, Potanin; Banshchikova, MA; Chuvashov, IN;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 2014     DOI:

A comparative study of TEC response for the African equatorial and mid-latitudes during storm conditions

The solar wind effects on the Earth\textquoterights environment are studied for their basic scientific values and crucial practical impacts on technological systems. This paper reports results of Total Electron Content (TEC) changes during two successive ionospheric storms of 7\textendash12 November 2004 using GPS data derived from dual frequency receivers located at African equatorial and midlatitudes. In the geographic coordinate system, equatorial TEC variability is considered over Libreville (0.36\textdegreeN, 9.67\textdegreeE), Gabon and Mbarara (0.60\textdegreeS, 30.74\textdegreeE), Uganda. TEC over midlatitude stations Sutherland (32.38\textdegreeS, 20.81\textdegreeE) and Springbok (29.67\textdegreeS, 17.88\textdegreeE), South Africa are analysed. The analysis of the storm time ionospheric variability over South Africa was undertaken by comparing the critical frequency of the F2 layer (foF2) and the peak height of the F2 layer (hmF2) values obtained from Grahamstown (33.30\textdegreeS, 26.53\textdegreeE) and Madimbo (22.4\textdegreeS, 30.9\textdegreeE) ionosonde measurements. During the analysed storm period it is observed that GPS TEC for midlatitudes was depleted significantly with a corresponding depletion in foF2, due to the reduction in GUVI O/N₂ ratio as observed from its global maps. Over the equatorial latitudes, positive storm effects are more dominant especially during the storm main phase. Negative storm effects are observed over both mid and equatorial latitudes during the recovery phase. A shift in equatorial TEC enhancement (from one GPS station to another) is observed during magnetic storms and has been partially attributed to passage of Travelling Ionospheric Disturbances (TIDs). Magnetometer data over the International Real-time Magnetic Observatory Network (intermagnet) station, Addis Ababa, AAE (9.03\textdegreeN, 38.77\textdegreeE) has been used to help with the explanation of possible causes of equatorial ionospheric TEC dynamics during the analysed magnetic storm period.

Habarulema, John; McKinnell, Lee-Anne; a, Dalia; Zhang, Yongliang; Seemala, Gopi; Ngwira, Chigomezyo; Chum, Jaroslav; Opperman, Ben;

Published by: Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics      Published on: 09/2013

YEAR: 2013     DOI: 10.1016/j.jastp.2013.05.008

African equatorial and midlatitude TEC dynamics; Magnetic storms; TIDs

Impact of rocket exhaust plumes on atmospheric composition and climate--an overview

Rockets are the only direct anthropogenic emission sources into the upper atmosphere. Gaseous rocket emissions include CO, N₂, H₂, H₂O, and CO₂, while solid rocket motors (SRM) additionally inject significant amounts of aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃) particles and gaseous chlorine species into the atmosphere. These emissions strongly perturb local atmospheric trace gas and aerosol distributions. Here, previous aircraft measurements in various rocket exhaust plumes including several large space shuttle launch vehicles are compiled. The observed changes of the lower stratospheric composition in the near field are summarized. The injection of chlorine species and particles into the stratosphere can lead to ozone loss in rocket exhaust plumes. Local observations are compared with global model simulations of the effects of rocket emissions on stratospheric ozone concentrations. Large uncertainties remain concerning individual ozone loss reaction rates and the impact of small-scale plume effects on global chemistry. Further, remote sensing data from satellite indicate that rocket exhaust plumes regionally increase iron and water vapor concentrations in the mesosphere potentially leading to the formation of mesospheric clouds at 80- to 90-kilometer altitude. These satellite observations are summarized and the rocket emission inventory is compared with other natural and anthropogenic sources to the stratosphere such as volcanism, meteoritic material, and aviation.

Voigt, Ch.; Schumann, U.; Graf, K.; Gottschaldt, K.-D.;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 2013     DOI: 10.1051/eucass/201304657

A modeling study of the longitudinal dependence of storm time midlatitude dayside total electron content enhancements

Sojka, J.; David, M.; Schunk, R.; Heelis, R.;

Published by: Journal of Geophysical Research      Published on: Jan-01-2012

YEAR: 2012     DOI: 10.1029/2011JA017000

Ensemble Modeling with Data Assimilation Models: A New Strategy for Space Weather Science, Specifications and Forecasts

Schunk, Robert; Scherliess, L; Eccles, JV; Gardner, LC; Sojka, JJ; Zhu, L; Pi, X; Mannucci, A; Wilson, BD; Komjathy, A; , others;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 2012     DOI:

Heterogeneous Measurements for Advances in Space Science and Space Weather Forecasting

Examples of heterogenous data might include GPS radio occultation limb data and ultraviolet nadir photometry; GUVI/SSUSI cross-track O/N2 maps coupled with SSULI in-track

Budzien, Scott; Chua, Damien; Coker, Clayton; Dandenault, Patrick; Dymond, Kenneth; Nicholas, Andrew; Stephan, Andrew; Doe, Richard; Crowley, Geoff;

Published by: To emphasize that space weather forecasting with new, full-physics models requires heterogeneous datasets with complementary characteristics—not merely a higher volume of any single data type      Published on:

YEAR: 2012     DOI:

Evolved Tiny Ionospheric Photometer (ETIP): A sensor for ionospheric specification

Budzien, Scott; Chua, Damien; Coker, Clayton; Dandenault, Patrick; Dymond, Kenneth; Nicholas, Andrew; Doe, Richard; Crowley, Geoff;

Published by: To address the requirements for space weather sensors, and includes adequate flexibility for accommodation on a range of future flight opportunities, including microsatellite constellations      Published on:

YEAR: 2010     DOI:

Continued Development and Validation of the USU GAIM Models

Schunk, Robert;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 2010     DOI:

Mid-latitude ionosphere observed by ground-based GPS during intense geomagnetic storms in October 2003 and November 2004

Chung, J; Jee, Geonhwa;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 2010     DOI:

Extreme Enhancements in GPS TEC on 8 and 10 November 2004

Chung, Jong-Kyun; Jee, Gun-Hwa; Kim, Eo-Jin; Kim, Yong-Ha; Cho, Jung-Ho;

Published by: Bulletin of the Korean Space Science Society      Published on:

YEAR: 2010     DOI:

Sun-to-Earth Imaging for Operational Space Weather Monitoring

Chua, DH; Wood, BE; Slinker, SP; Meier, RR; Englert, CR; Socker, DG; Huba, J; Krall, J;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 2009     DOI:

Space Shuttle Impacts on Mesospheric Clouds and Iron Layers as Observed by Lidars and Satellites in the Antarctic and Arctic

Chu, X; Collins, RL; Stevens, MH; Plane, JM; Meier, RR; Deland, MT; Kelley, MC; Nicolls, MJ; Thurairajah, B; Varney, RH; , others;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 2009     DOI:

Observations of the Ionosphere Using the Tiny Ionospheric Photometer.

Coker, Clayton; Dymond, Kenneth; Budzien, Scott; Chua, Damien; Liu, Jann-Yenq; Anderson, David; Basu, Sunanda; Pedersen, Todd;

Published by: Terrestrial, Atmospheric \& Oceanic Sciences      Published on:

YEAR: 2009     DOI:

Ionospheric Electron Density Concurrently Derived by TIP and GOX of FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC.

The tiny ion o spheric pho tom e ter (TIP) and GPS occultation ex per i ment (GOX) onboard FORMOSAT-3/COS MIC (F3/C) are em ployed to mea sure the OI 135.6 nm in ten si ties in

Hsu, Mei-Lan; Rajesh, Panthalingal; Liu, Jann-Yenq; Tsai, Lung-Chih; Tsai, Ho-Fang; Lin, Chien-Hung; Dymond, Kenneth; Coker, Clayton; Chua, Damien; Budzien, Scott; , others;

Published by: Terrestrial, Atmospheric \& Oceanic Sciences      Published on:

YEAR: 2009     DOI: 10.3319/TAO.2008.04.24.02(F3C)

Longitudinal variability of low-latitude total electron content: Tidal influences

Scherliess, L.; Thompson, D.; Schunk, R.;

Published by: Journal of Geophysical Research      Published on: Jan-01-2008

YEAR: 2008     DOI: 10.1029/2007JA012480

TIMED Spacecraft Operations Progression with Automation through Launch to the Second Extended Mission

Chura, Carolyn; Hill, Mark;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 2008     DOI:

Ionosphere disturbances observed throughout Southeast Asia of the superstorm of 20--22 November 2003

Ionospheric disturbances in the Southeast Asian region during the super magnetic storm of 20–22 November 2003 were investigated through an ionosonde chain and a GPS network assisted by the space-borne instruments. At early stage of the storm in the postsunset sector, large enhancements in the critical frequency of F2 layer and total electron content were observed at northern crest region of the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA), which might be produced by both the storm meridional wind superimposed with traveling atmospheric disturbances and prompt penetration electric field (PPE). During the main phase of the storm when interplanetary magnetic field started a 12-h southward turning, equatorial ionosphere was elevated to a very high level which should be most probably caused by a long-duration PPE event. Meanwhile, at mid-low latitudes, ionosphere witnessed an initial simultaneous decrease then followed by drastic increases, which is very different from the past observations in this region (Reddy and Nishida, 1992). Combined analysis of the data from the ionosonde and other space-based measurement shows that for the present case the penetration efficiency of the interplanetary electric field (IEF) to the equatorial ionosphere was larger at night than in the daytime, which agrees with the results of Fejer et al. (2007) showing the ratios of PPE and IEF changes were highly variable with the local time. During the recovery phase, EIA was severely inhibited owing to a wind convergence and possibly because of the westward disturbance dynamo electric field.

Zhao, B; Wan, W; Tschu, K; Igarashi, K; Kikuchi, T; Nozaki, K; Watari, S; Li, G; Paxton, LJ; Liu, L; , others;

Published by: Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics      Published on:

YEAR: 2008     DOI: 10.1029/2008JA013054

Magnetic storm; Ionospheric disturbance; mid-low latitudes

Incorporation of UV Radiances into the USU GAIM Models

Our primary goal is to incorporate UV radiances from the SSULI and SSUSI instruments, which will be flown on the NPOSSE satellites, into the USU GAIM models. A secondary goal is

Schunk, Robert;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 2007     DOI:

Extreme longitudinal variability of plasma structuring in the equatorial ionosphere on a magnetically quiet equinoctial day

McDonald, Sarah; Basu, Sunanda; Basu, Santimay; Groves, Keith; Valladares, Cesar; Scherliess, Ludger; Thompson, Donald; Schunk, Robert; Sojka, Jan; Zhu, Lie;

Published by: Radio Science      Published on: Jan-12-2006

YEAR: 2006     DOI: 10.1029/2005RS003366

First Observations of the Ionosphere using the Tiny Ionospheric Photometer

Coker, C; Dymond, KF; Budzien, SA; Chua, D; Liu, JY;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 2006     DOI:

Ionospheric Measurements from the Tiny Ionospheric Photometer

Coker, C; Dymond, KF; Budzien, SA; Chua, D;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 2006     DOI:

Antarctic mesospheric clouds formed from space shuttle exhaust

New satellite observations reveal lower thermospheric transport of a space shuttle exhaust plume into the southern hemisphere two days after a January, 2003 launch. A day later, ground-based lidar observations in Antarctica identify iron ablated from the shuttle\textquoterights main engines. Additional satellite observations of polar mesospheric clouds (PMCs) show a burst that constitutes 10\textendash20\% of the PMC mass between 65\textendash79\textdegreeS during the 2002\textendash2003 season, comparable to previous results for an Arctic shuttle plume. This shows that shuttle exhaust can be an important global source of both PMC formation and variability.

Stevens, Michael; Meier, R.; Chu, X.; DeLand, M.; Plane, J.;

Published by: Geophysical Research Letters      Published on: 07/2005

YEAR: 2005     DOI: 10.1029/2005GL023054

Multi-instrument Observations of the Development of the Equatorial Ionization Anomaly and Links to Scintillation

McDonald, SE; Basu, S; Groves, K; Scherliess, L; Thompson, DC; Schunk, RW; Sojka, JJ; Zhu, L;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 2004     DOI: