Bibliography

Temporal Variability of Atomic Hydrogen From the Mesopause to the Upper Thermosphere

We investigate atomic hydrogen (H) variability from the mesopause to the upper thermosphere, on time scales of solar cycle, seasonal, and diurnal, using measurements made by the Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) instrument on the Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics Dynamics satellite, and simulations by the National Center for Atmospheric Research Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model-eXtended (WACCM-X). In the mesopause region (85 to 95\ km), the seasonal and solar cycle variations of H simulated by WACCM-X are consistent with those from SABER observations: H density is higher in summer than in winter, and slightly higher at solar minimum than at solar maximum. However, mesopause region H density from the Mass-Spectrometer-Incoherent-Scatter (National Research Laboratory Mass-Spectrometer-Incoherent-Scatter 00 (NRLMSISE-00)) empirical model has reversed seasonal variation compared to WACCM-X and SABER. From the mesopause to the upper thermosphere, H density simulated by WACCM-X switches its solar cycle variation twice, and seasonal dependence once, and these changes of solar cycle and seasonal variability occur in the lower thermosphere (~95 to 130\ km), whereas H from NRLMSISE-00 does not change solar cycle and seasonal dependence from the mesopause through the thermosphere. In the upper thermosphere (above 150\ km), H density simulated by WACCM-X is higher at solar minimum than at solar maximum, higher in winter than in summer, and also higher during nighttime than daytime. The amplitudes of these variations are on the order of factors of ~10, ~2, and ~2, respectively. This is consistent with NRLMSISE-00.

Qian, Liying; Burns, Alan; Solomon, Stan; Smith, Anne; McInerney, Joseph; Hunt, Linda; Marsh, Daniel; Liu, Hanli; Mlynczak, Martin; Vitt, Francis;

Published by: Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics      Published on: 01/2018

YEAR: 2018     DOI: 10.1002/2017JA024998

Estimation of the ionosphere-thermosphere energy budget during geomagnetic storms with GITM, satellite observations and empirical models

Improving modeling of the ionosphere-thermosphere (IT) energy budget is important for correct representation of the IT system and physics-based space weather forecasting. We present a framework for estimation of the IT energy budget with the physics-based Global Ionosphere-Thermosphere Model (GITM), empirical models and observations. The approach is illustrated for the 16-19 March 2013 and 2015 geomagnetic storms. Solar wind data, F10.7, OVATION Prime model and the Weimer 2005 model are utilized to drive GITM. We focus on contributions to the energy budget from auroral heating, Joule heating, thermospheric nitric oxide (NO) and carbon dioxide (CO2) cooling emissions. Empirical models of auroral hemispheric power based on the TIMED/GUVI measurements and of the Joule heating are used. The cooling emission powers and fluxes are derived from TIMED/SABER measurements.

Verkhoglyadova, Olga; Meng, Xing; Mannucci, Anthony; Mlynczak, Martin; Hunt, Linda; Lu, Gang;

Published by: 2018 Triennial Earth-Sun Summit (TESS      Published on:

YEAR: 2018     DOI:

Middle and low-latitude ionosphere-thermosphere responses to solar wind driving during CME-type storms

Verkhoglyadova, Olga; Mlynczak, MG; Mannucci, Anthony; Paxton, Larry; Hunt, Linda; Komjathy, Attila;

Published by: 42nd COSPAR Scientific Assembly      Published on:

YEAR: 2018     DOI:

Revisiting Ionosphere-Thermosphere Responses to Solar Wind Driving in Superstorms of November 2003 and 2004

We revisit three complex superstorms of 19\textendash20 November 2003, 7\textendash8 November 2004, and 9\textendash11 November 2004 to analyze ionosphere-thermosphere (IT) effects driven by different solar wind structures associated with complex interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) and their upstream sheaths. The efficiency of the solar wind-magnetosphere connection throughout the storms is estimated by coupling functions. The daytime IT responses to the complex driving are characterized by combining and collocating (where possible) measurements of several physical parameters (total electron content or TEC, thermospheric infrared nitric oxide emission, and composition ratio) from multiple satellite platforms and ground-based measurements. A variety of metrics are utilized to examine global IT phenomena at ~1\ h timescales. The role of direct driving of IT dynamics by solar wind structures and the role of IT preconditioning in these storms, which feature complex unusual TEC responses, are examined and contrasted. Furthermore, IT responses to ICME magnetic clouds and upstream sheaths are separately characterized. We identify IT feedback effects that can be important for long-lasting strong storms. The role of the interplanetary magnetic field B_y component on ionospheric convection may not be well captured by existing coupling functions. Mechanisms of thermospheric overdamping and consequential ionospheric feedback need to be further studied.

Verkhoglyadova, O.; Komjathy, A.; Mannucci, A.; Mlynczak, M.; Hunt, L.; Paxton, L.;

Published by: Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics      Published on: 10/2017

YEAR: 2017     DOI: 10.1002/jgra.v122.1010.1002/2017JA024542

Ionosphere-thermosphere energy budgets for the ICME storms of March 2013 and 2015 estimated with GITM and observational proxies

The ionosphere-thermosphere (IT) energy partitioning for the interplanetary coronal mass ejection (ICME) storms of 16\textendash19 March 2013 and 2015 is estimated with the Global Ionosphere-Thermosphere Model (GITM), empirical models and proxies derived from in situ measurements. We focus on auroral heating, Joule heating, and thermospheric cooling. Solar wind data, F_10.7, OVATION Prime model and the Weimer 2005 model are used to drive GITM from above. Thermospheric nitric oxide and carbon dioxide cooling emission powers and fluxes are estimated from TIMED/SABER measurements. Assimilative mapping of ionospheric electrodynamics (AMIE) estimations of hemispheric power and Joule heating are presented, based on data from global magnetometers, the AMPERE magnetic field data, SSUSI auroral images, and the SuperDARN radar network. Modeled Joule heating and auroral heating of the IT system are mostly controlled by external driving in the March 2013 and 2015 storms, while NO cooling persists into the storm recovery phase. The total heating in the model is about 1000 GW to 3000 GW. Additionally, we intercompare contributions in selected energy channels for five coronal mass ejection-type storms modeled with GITM. Modeled auroral heating shows reasonable agreement with AMIE hemispheric power and is higher than other observational proxies. Joule heating and infrared cooling are likely underestimated in GITM. We discuss challenges and discrepancies in estimating and global modeling of the IT energy partitioning, especially Joule heating, during geomagnetic storms.

Verkhoglyadova, O.; Meng, X.; Mannucci, A.; Mlynczak, M.; Hunt, L.; Lu, G.;

Published by: Space Weather      Published on: 08/2017

YEAR: 2017     DOI: 10.1002/swe.v15.910.1002/2017SW001650

Superstorms of November 2003 and 2004: the role of solar wind driving in the ionosphere-thermosphere dynamics

Verkhoglyadova, Olga; Komjathy, Attila; Mannucci, Anthony; Mlynczak, Martin; Hunt, Linda; Paxton, Larry;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 2017     DOI:

Solar wind driving of ionosphere-thermosphere responses in three storms near St. Patrick's Day in 2012, 2013, and 2015

We identify interplanetary plasma regions associated with three intense interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs)-driven geomagnetic storm intervals which occurred around the same time of the year: day of year 74\textendash79 (March) of 2012, 2013, and 2015. We show that differences in solar wind drivers lead to different dynamical ionosphere-thermosphere (IT) responses and to different preconditioning of the IT system. We introduce a new hourly based global metric for average low-latitude and northern middle-latitude vertical total electron content responses in the morning, afternoon, and evening local time ranges, derived from measurements from globally distributed Global Navigation Satellite System ground stations. Our novel technique of estimating nitric oxide (NO) cooling radiation in 11\textdegree latitudinal zones is based on Thermosphere-Ionosphere-Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED)/Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) measurements. The thermospheric cooling throughout the storm phases is studied with this high latitudinal resolution for the first time. Additionally, TIMED/Global Ultraviolet Imager (GUVI) observations of the dynamical response of the thermospheric composition (O/N₂ ratio) are utilized to study negative ionospheric storm effects. Based on these data sets, we describe and quantify distinct IT responses to driving by ICME sheaths, magnetic clouds, coronal loop remnants, plasma discontinuities, and high-speed streams following ICMEs. Our analysis of coupling functions indicates strong connection between coupling with the solar wind and IT system response in ICME-type storms and also some differences. Knowledge of interplanetary features is crucial for understanding IT storm dynamics.

Verkhoglyadova, O.; Tsurutani, B.; Mannucci, A.; Mlynczak, M.; Hunt, L.; Paxton, L.; Komjathy, A.;

Published by: Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics      Published on: 07/2016

YEAR: 2016     DOI: 10.1002/jgra.v121.910.1002/2016JA022883

Heliosphere-ionosphere-thermosphere coupling and energy budget in geomagnetic storms

1. Solar irradiance: F10. 7 2. High-latitude electric and magnetic field potential patterns and field-aligned currents (FAC): empirical Weimer05 model (Weimer, 2005), can use AMIE input

Verkhoglyadova, OP; Mannucci, AJ; Meng, X; Komjathy, A; Mlynczak, MG; Hunt, LA; Tsurutani, BT;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 2016     DOI:

TIME after TIMED-A perspective on Thermosphere-Ionosphere Mesosphere science and future observational needs after the TIMED mission epoch

Mlynczak, Martin; , Russell; Hunt, Linda; Christensen, Andrew; Paxton, Larry; Woods, Thomas; Niciejewski, Richard; Yee, Jeng-Hwa;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 2016     DOI:

Solar wind driving of ionosphere-thermosphere responses during three storms on St. Patrick's Day.

Verkhoglyadova, Olga; Tsurutani, Bruce; Mannucci, Anthony; Komjathy, Attila; Mlynczak, Martin; Hunt, Linda; Paxton, Larry;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 2015     DOI:

Ionospheric TEC, thermospheric cooling and $\Sigma$ [O/N2] compositional changes during the 6--17 March 2012 magnetic storm interval (CAWSES II)

A series of four geomagnetic storms (the minimum SYM-H~-148\ nT) occurred during the March 6\textendash17, 2012 in the ascending phase of the solar cycle 24. This interval was selected by CAWSES II for its campaign. The GPS total electron content (TEC) database and JPL\textquoterights Global Ionospheric Maps (GIM) were used to study vertical TEC (VTEC) for different local times and latitude ranges. The largest response to geomagnetic activity is shown in increases of the low-latitude dayside VTEC. Several GPS sites feature post-afternoon VTEC \textquotedblleftbite-outs\textquotedblright. During Sudden Impulse (SI⁺) event on March 8th a peak daytime VTEC restores to about quiet-time values. It is shown that the TIMED/SABER zonal flux of nitric oxide (NO) infrared cooling radiation correlates well with auroral heating. A factor of ~5 cooling increase is noted in some storms. The cooling radiation intensifies in the auroral zone and spreads towards the equator. Effects of the storm appear at lower latitudes ~18.6\ h later. The column density ratio Σ[O/N₂] is analyzed based on TIMED/GUVI measurements. Both increases (at low latitudes) and decreases (from auroral to middle latitudes) in the ratio occurs during the geomagnetic storms. We suggest that the column density ratio could be enhanced at low to middle latitudes on the dayside partially due to the superfountain effect (atomic oxygen uplift due to ion-neutral drag). It is suggested that decreases in the Σ[O/N₂] ratio at high to middle-latitudes may be caused by high thermospheric temperatures. During SI⁺s, there is an increase in Σ[O/N₂] ratio at auroral latitudes.

Verkhoglyadova, O.P.; Tsurutani, B.T.; Mannucci, A.J.; Mlynczak, M.G.; Hunt, L.A.; Paxton, L.J.;

Published by: Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics      Published on: 08/2014

YEAR: 2014     DOI: 10.1016/j.jastp.2013.11.009

Geomagnetic storms; Ionosphere; thermosphere

Ensemble Assimilation Using Three First-Principles Thermospheric Models as a Tool for 72-hour Density and Satellite Drag Forecasts

Hunton, Don; Pilinski, Marcin; Crowley, Geoff; Azeem, I; Fuller-Rowell, Timothy; Matsuo, Tomoko; Fedrizzi, Mariangel; Solomon, Stanley; Qian, Liying; Thayer, Jeffrey; , others;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 2014     DOI:

Space Weather Tools of the Trade-A Changing Mix

Kunches, Joseph; Crowley, Geoff; Pilinski, Marcin; Winkler, Clive; Fish, Chad; Hunton, Don; Reynolds, Adam; Azeem, I;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 2014     DOI:

Variability of ionospheric TEC during solar and geomagnetic minima (2008 and 2009): external high speed stream drivers

We study solar wind\textendashionosphere coupling through the late declining phase/solar minimum and geomagnetic minimum phases during the last solar cycle (SC23) \textendash 2008 and 2009. This interval was characterized by sequences of high-speed solar wind streams (HSSs). The concomitant geomagnetic response was moderate geomagnetic storms and high-intensity, long-duration continuous auroral activity (HILDCAA) events. The JPL Global Ionospheric Map (GIM) software and the GPS total electron content (TEC) database were used to calculate the vertical TEC (VTEC) and estimate daily averaged values in separate latitude and local time ranges. Our results show distinct low- and mid-latitude VTEC responses to HSSs during this interval, with the low-latitude daytime daily averaged values increasing by up to 33 TECU (annual average of ~20 TECU) near local noon (12:00 to 14:00 LT) in 2008. In 2009 during the minimum geomagnetic activity (MGA) interval, the response to HSSs was a maximum of ~30 TECU increases with a slightly lower average value than in 2008. There was a weak nighttime ionospheric response to the HSSs. A well-studied solar cycle declining phase interval, 10\textendash22 October 2003, was analyzed for comparative purposes, with daytime low-latitude VTEC peak values of up to ~58 TECU (event average of ~55 TECU). The ionospheric VTEC changes during 2008\textendash2009 were similar but ~60\% less intense on average. There is an evidence of correlations of filtered daily averaged VTEC data with Ap index and solar wind speed.

We use the infrared NO and CO₂ emission data obtained with SABER on TIMED as a proxy for the radiation balance of the thermosphere. It is shown that infrared emissions increase during HSS events possibly due to increased energy input into the auroral region associated with HILDCAAs. The 2008\textendash2009 HSS intervals were ~85\% less intense than the 2003 early declining phase event, with annual averages of daily infrared NO emission power of ~ 3.3 \texttimes 10¹⁰ W and 2.7 \texttimes 10¹⁰ W in 2008 and 2009, respectively. The roles of disturbance dynamos caused by high-latitude winds (due to particle precipitation and Joule heating in the auroral zones) and of prompt penetrating electric fields (PPEFs) in the solar wind\textendashionosphere coupling during these intervals are discussed. A correlation between geoeffective interplanetary electric field components and HSS intervals is shown. Both PPEF and disturbance dynamo mechanisms could play important roles in solar wind\textendashionosphere coupling during prolonged (up to days) external driving within HILDCAA intervals.

Verkhoglyadova, O.; Tsurutani, B.; Mannucci, A.; Mlynczak, M.; Hunt, L.; Runge, T.;

Published by: Annales Geophysicae      Published on: 01/2013

YEAR: 2013     DOI: 10.5194/angeo-31-263-2013

Ionosphere; Magnetospheric physics; Storms; substorms

Comparison of Ionospheric and Thermospheric Effects During Two High Speed Stream Events

Verkhoglyadova, OP; Tsurutani, B; Mannucci, AJ; Paxton, L; Mlynczak, MG; Hunt, LA; Echer, E;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 2013     DOI:

Ionospheric VTEC and thermospheric infrared emission dynamics during corotating interaction region and high-speed stream intervals at solar minimum: 25 March to 26 April 2008

Verkhoglyadova, O.; Tsurutani, B.; Mannucci, A.; Mlynczak, M.; Hunt, L.; Komjathy, A.; Runge, T.;

Published by: Journal of Geophysical Research      Published on: Jan-01-2011

YEAR: 2011     DOI: 10.1029/2011JA016604