Bibliography

Gravity wave forcing near the mesopause drives a summer-to-winter residual circulation in the mesosphere and a reversed, lower thermospheric winter-to-summer residual circulation. We conducted modeling studies to investigate how this lower thermospheric residual circulation impacts thermospheric composition (O/N₂). We found that the upwelling associated with the residual circulation significantly decreases O/N₂ in winter and the downwelling in summer slightly increases O/N₂. Consequently, the residual circulation reduces the summer-to-winter latitudinal gradient of O/N₂, which causes the simulated latitudinal gradient of O/N₂ to be more consistent with observations. The smaller summer-to-winter latitudinal gradient of O/N₂ would decrease the ionosphere winter anomaly in model simulations, which would bring the simulated winter anomaly into better agreement with ionospheric observations. The lower thermospheric residual circulation may be a process that has been largely ignored but is very important to the summer-to-winter latitudinal gradients, as well as annual/semiannual variations in the thermosphere and ionosphere.