Ionospheric effects of solar flares and their associated particle ejections in March 2012

<p>Flares of March 4\textendash9, 2012 were accompanied by an intensification of solar electromagnetic and corpuscular radiations and five coronal mass ejections. Bursts of X-rays and increased solar cosmic ray fluxes caused an increase in ionospheric absorption manifesting itself in data from vertical sounding stations as enhancements of the lowest frequency of reflections up to 4\textendash6\&nbsp;MHz at the daytime and as the disappearance of reflections in the ionograms of high latitude stations. Interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICME) generated March 7\textendash8 moderate and March 8\textendash11 intense magnetic storms accompanied by ionospheric disturbances. At the peaks of both magnetic storms there were abrupt afternoon\textendashevening decreases in the ionospheric F2-layer critical frequency (foF2). During the March 7\textendash8 storm, the foF2 decrease concurred with the reversal of the interplanetary magnetic field azimuthal component (IMF By) which initiated restructuring of magnetospheric convection; during the March 8\textendash11 storm, with the abrupt weakening of the interplanetary magnetic field southward component (IMF Bz) which triggered a substorm.</p>