Storms and substorms—The new whole system approach and future challenges

This chapter covers our current understanding and recent advances in the study of Earth s ionosphere during magnetic storms and substorms with a special focus on electrodynamics and its consequences in the past 14 years. In particular, the focus is on the new awareness of looking at the magnetosphere, ionosphere, and thermosphere (M-I-T) as a whole system that has brought us to the next level of understanding.